Quinolinone-carboxamide compounds

ABSTRACT

The invention provides novel quinolinone-carboxamide 5-HT 4  receptor agonist compounds. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, methods of using such compounds to treat diseases associated with 5-HT 4  receptor activity, and processes and intermediates useful for preparing such compounds.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/625,233, filed on Nov. 5, 2004, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention is directed to quinolinone-carboxamide compounds which are useful as 5-HT₄ receptor agonists. The invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, methods of using such compounds for treating medical conditions mediated by 5-HT₄ receptor activity, and processes and intermediates useful for preparing such compounds.

2. State of the Art

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter that is widely distributed throughout the body, both in the central nervous system and in peripheral systems. At least seven subtypes of serotonin receptors have been identified and the interaction of serotonin with these different receptors is linked to a wide variety of physiological functions. There has been, therefore, substantial interest in developing therapeutic agents that target specific 5-HT receptor subtypes.

In particular, characterization of 5-HT₄ receptors and identification of pharmaceutical agents that interact with them has been the focus of significant recent activity. (See, for example, the review by Langlois and Fischmeister, J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 319-344.) 5-HT₄ receptor agonists are useful for the treatment of disorders of reduced motility of the gastrointestinal tract. Such disorders include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), chronic constipation, functional dyspepsia, delayed gastric emptying, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastroparesis, post-operative ileus, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, and drug-induced delayed transit. In addition, it has been suggested that some 5-HT₄ receptor agonist compounds may be used in the treatment of central nervous system disorders including cognitive disorders, behavioral disorders, mood disorders, and disorders of control of autonomic function.

Despite the broad utility of pharmaceutical agents modulating 5-HT₄ receptor activity, few 5-HT₄ receptor agonist compounds are in clinical use at present. Accordingly, there is a need for new 5-HT₄ receptor agonists that achieve their desired effects with minimal side effects. Preferred agents may possess, among other properties, improved selectivity, potency, pharmacokinetic properties, and/or duration of action.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides novel compounds that possess 5-HT₄ receptor agonist activity. Among other properties, compounds of the invention have been found to be potent and selective 5-HT₄ receptor agonists.

Accordingly, the invention provides a compound of formula (I):

wherein:

R¹ is hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, or C₁₋₄alkoxy;

R² is C₃₋₄alkyl or C₃₋₆cycloalkyl;

R³ is hydroxy, C₁₋₃alkoxy, hydroxy-substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, or —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b);

R⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl;

X is selected from —N(R⁸)C(O)R⁹, —N(R⁸)S(O)₂R¹⁰, —S(R¹¹)O₂, —N(R⁸)C(O)OR¹², —N(R⁸)C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —N(R⁸)SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴, —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹², —OR¹⁵, —NR⁸R¹⁶, cyano, —SR¹⁵, CF₃, pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, 1,1-dioxoisothiazolidinyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyrrolidinyl and piperidinyl, wherein pyrrolidinyl is optionally substituted with oxo and piperidinyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 halo;

R⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₃alkoxy, or cyano;

R⁶ and R⁷ are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, and C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy or C₁₋₃alkoxy;

R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl;

or R⁵ and R⁸, R⁵ and R⁸, or R⁶ and R⁸ taken together form C₂₋₅alkylenyl, wherein C₂₋₅alkylenyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, halo, hydroxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl, or C₁₋₃alkoxy;

or R³ and R⁵ taken together form —OCH₂CH₂—;

or R⁵ and R⁶ taken together form —(CH₂)_(q)-Q-(CH₂)_(q), wherein Q is oxygen or sulfur and q is independently 0, 1, or 2;

R⁹ is hydrogen, furanyl, or C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy or with from 1 to 3 halo;

R¹⁰ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with —SO₂R^(c), C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or with from 1 to 3 halo;

or R⁸ and R¹⁰ taken together form C₃alkylenyl;

R¹¹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, or —NR^(b)R^(c);

or R⁵ and R¹¹ or R⁶ and R¹¹ taken together form C₂₋₅alkylenyl;

R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are independently hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl;

R¹⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy;

or R⁵ and R¹⁵ taken together form C₁₋₄alkylenyl;

R¹⁶ is —(CH₂)_(r)—R¹⁷, wherein r is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

R¹⁷ is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)-morpholinyl, pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, morpholinyl, and tetrahydrofuranyl, wherein C₁₋₃alkoxy is optionally substituted with hydroxy;

R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are independently hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl; and

n is 1, 2, 3, or 4;

provided that when n is 1, X forms a carbon-carbon bond with the carbon atom bearing the substituents R⁶ and R⁷;

or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or solvate or stereoisomer thereof.

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.

The invention also provides a method of treating a disease or condition associated with 5-HT₄ receptor activity, e.g. a disorder of reduced motility of the gastrointestinal tract, the method comprising administering to the mammal, a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier and a compound of the invention.

Further, the invention provides a method of treating a disease or condition associated with 5-HT₄ receptor activity in a mammal, the method comprising administering to the mammal, a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention.

The compounds of the invention can also be used as research tools, i.e. to study biological systems or samples, or for studying the activity of other chemical compounds. Accordingly, in another of its method aspects, the invention provides a method of using a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate or stereoisomer thereof, as a research tool for studying a biological system or sample or for discovering new 5-HT₄ receptor agonists, the method comprising contacting a biological system or sample with a compound of the invention and determining the effects caused by the compound on the biological system or sample.

In separate and distinct aspects, the invention also provides synthetic processes and intermediates described herein, which are useful for preparing compounds of the invention.

The invention also provides a compound of the invention as described herein for use in medical therapy, as well as the use of a compound of the invention in the manufacture of a formulation or medicament for treating a disease or condition associated with 5-HT₄ receptor activity, e.g. a disorder of reduced motility of the gastrointestinal tract, in a mammal.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides novel quinolinone-carboxamide 5-HT₄ receptor agonists of formula (I), or pharmaceutically-acceptable salts or solvates or stereoisomers thereof. The following substituents and values are intended to provide representative examples of various aspects of this invention. These representative values are intended to further define such aspects and are not intended to exclude other values or limit the scope of the invention.

In a specific aspect of the invention, R¹ is hydrogen, halo, or C₁₋₄alkyl.

In another specific aspect, R¹ is hydrogen, halo, or C₁₋₃alkyl.

In other specific aspects, R¹ is hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, or methyl; or R¹ is hydrogen.

In a specific aspect, R² is C₃₋₄alkyl.

Representative R² groups include n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl.

In another specific aspect, R² is isopropyl.

In a specific aspect, R³ is hydroxy, C₁₋₃alkoxy, hydroxy-substituted C₁₋₂alkyl or —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b). Representative R³ groups include, but are not limited to, hydroxy, methoxy, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, and —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), wherein R^(a) and R^(b) are independently hydrogen or methyl.

In other specific aspects, R³ is hydroxy, methoxy, hydroxymethyl, —OC(O)NHCH₃, or —OC(O)N(CH₃)₂; R³ is hydroxy or —OC(O)NHCH₃; or R³ is hydroxy.

In specific aspects, R⁴ is hydrogen or methyl; or R⁴ is hydrogen.

In a specific aspect, R⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₃alkoxy, or cyano.

In another specific aspect, R⁵ is hydrogen, C₁₋₃alkyl, or C₁₋₃alkyl substituted at the terminal position with hydroxy, C₁₋₃alkoxy, or cyano. Representative R⁵ groups include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, cyanomethyl, and 2-cyanoethyl.

In another specific aspect, R⁵ is hydrogen, C₁₋₃alkyl, or C₁₋₃alkyl substituted at the terminal position with hydroxy.

In a specific aspect, R⁶ and R⁷ are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, and C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy or C₁₋₃alkoxy.

In another specific aspect, R⁶ and R⁷ are independently hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, C₁₋₂alkyl, or hydroxy-substituted C₁₋₂alkyl. Representative R⁶ and R⁷ groups include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, hydroxy, fluoro, chloro, hydroxyethyl, and hydroxymethyl.

In another specific aspect, R⁶ and R⁷ are each hydrogen.

In a specific aspect, R³ and R⁵ taken together form —OCH₂CH₂—.

In a specific aspect, n is 2 or 3 and R⁵ and R⁶ taken together form —CH₂CH₂O— or —CH₂CH₂OCH₂—.

In other specific aspects, n is 2 and R⁵ and R⁶ taken together form C₂₋₃alkylenyl or C₂alkylenyl.

In a specific aspect, X is selected from —N(R⁸)C(O)R⁹, —N(R⁸)S(O)₂R¹⁰, —S(R¹¹)O₂, —N(R⁸)C(O)OR¹², —N(R⁸)C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —N(R⁸)SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴, —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹², —OR¹⁵, and cyano.

In another specific aspect, X is selected from —N(R⁸)C(O)R⁹; —N(R⁸)S(O)₂R¹⁰, —S(R¹¹)O₂, —N(R⁸)C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —OR¹⁵, and cyano.

In yet another specific aspect, X is selected from —N(R⁸)C(O)R⁹, —N(R⁸)S(O)₂R¹⁰, —S(R¹¹)O₂, and —N(R⁸)C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴. In still another specific aspect, X is —N(R⁸)S(O)₂R¹⁰.

In specific aspects, R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl; R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl; or R⁸ is hydrogen or methyl.

In a specific aspect, n is 2 and R⁵ and R⁸ taken together form C₂alkylenyl.

In another specific aspect, n is 2 and R⁵ and R⁸ taken together form C₃alkylenyl.

In a specific aspect, n is 2 and R⁶ and R⁸ taken together form C₂₋₃alkylenyl.

In a specific aspect, R⁹ is hydrogen, furanyl, or C₁₋₃alkyl, wherein C₁₋₃alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy. Representative R⁹ groups include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, furanyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, and 1-hydroxyethyl.

In other specific aspects, R⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl; or R⁹ is hydrogen or methyl.

In a specific aspect, R¹⁰ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with —SO₂R^(c), C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or with from 1 to 3 halo.

In another specific aspect, R¹⁰ is hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl, wherein C₁₋₃alkyl is optionally substituted with —SO₂R^(c) wherein R^(c) is C₁₋₃alkyl. Representative R¹⁰ groups include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, and methanesulfonylmethyl.

In other specific aspects, R¹⁰ is hydrogen, C₁₋₃alkyl, or methanesulfonylmethyl; or R¹⁰ is methyl, isopropyl, or methanesulfonylmethyl; or R¹⁰ is methyl.

In specific aspects, R¹¹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, or —NR^(b)R^(c); R¹¹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl; or R¹¹ is methyl.

In another specific aspect, n is 2 and R⁵ and R¹¹ taken together form C₂alkylenyl.

In yet another specific aspect, n is 2 or 3 and R⁶ and R¹¹ taken together form C₂alkylenyl.

In specific aspects, R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are independently hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl, or R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are independently hydrogen or methyl.

In a specific aspect, R¹⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy.

In other specific aspects, R¹⁵ is hydrogen, C₁₋₃alkyl, or C₁₋₃alkyl substituted at the terminal position with hydroxy; or R¹⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl. Representative R¹⁵ groups include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, and 2-hydroxyethyl.

In another specific aspect, R¹⁵ is hydrogen or methyl.

In a specific aspect, R¹⁶ is —(CH₂)_(r)—R¹⁷, wherein r is 0, 1, or 2 and R¹⁷ is selected from hydroxy, C₁₋₂alkoxy, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)-morpholinyl, pyridinyl, morpholinyl, and tetrahydrofuranyl, wherein C₁₋₂alkoxy is optionally substituted at the terminal position with hydroxy and R^(a) and R^(b) are independently hydrogen or methyl.

In a specific aspect, n is 1, 2, or 3.

In another specific aspect, n is 2, 3, or 4.

In another specific aspect, n is 2 or 3.

In yet another specific aspect, n is 2

In one aspect, the invention provides a compound of formula (III):

wherein:

R¹ is hydrogen, halo, or C₁₋₃alkyl;

R² is C₃₋₄alkyl;

R³ is hydroxy, C₁₋₃alkoxy, hydroxy-substituted C₁₋₂alkyl, or —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b);

R⁵ is hydrogen, C₁₋₃alkyl, or C₁₋₃alkyl substituted at the terminal position with hydroxy or cyano;

R⁶ is hydrogen;

X is selected from —N(R⁸)C(O)R⁹; —N(R⁸)S(O)₂R¹⁰, —S(R¹¹)O₂, —N(R⁸)C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —OR¹⁵, and cyano;

R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl;

R⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl;

R¹⁰ is hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl, wherein C₁₋₃alkyl is optionally substituted with —SO₂R^(c) wherein R^(c) is C₁₋₃alkyl;

R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl;

or R⁵ and R⁸, R⁵ and R⁶, or R⁵ and R¹¹ taken together form C₂alkylenyl; or

a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or solvate or stereoisomer thereof.

In another aspect, the invention provides a compound of formula (II) wherein:

R¹ is hydrogen;

R² is C₃₋₄alkyl;

R³ is hydroxy, methoxy, hydroxymethyl, —OC(O)N(H)CH₃, or —OC(O)N(CH₃)₂;

R⁶ is hydrogen;

X is selected from —N(R⁸)C(O)R⁹; —N(R⁸)S(O)₂R¹⁰, —S(R¹¹)O₂, and —N(R⁸)C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴;

R⁵ and R⁸ taken together form C₂alkylenyl;

R⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl;

R¹⁰ is hydrogen, C₁₋₃alkyl, or methanesulfonylmethyl;

R⁵ and R¹¹ taken together form C₂alkylenyl; and

R¹³ and R¹⁴ are independently hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl.

In separate aspects, the invention further provides compounds of formula (III):

wherein R¹, R², R³, and R⁹ take any of the values defined above; compounds of formula (IV):

wherein R¹, R², R³, and R¹⁰ take any of the values defined above; and compounds of formula (V):

wherein R¹, R², and R³ take any of the values defined above.

In still other specific aspects, the invention provides the compounds listed in Tables I to XXVIII below.

The chemical naming conventions used herein are illustrated for the compound of Example 1

which is designated 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[2-hydroxy-3-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}-amide, according to the AutoNom software, provided by MDL Information Systems, GmbH (Frankfurt, Germany). The designation (1S,3R,5R) describes the relative orientation of the bonds associated with the bicyclic ring system that are depicted as solid and dashed wedges. The compound is alternatively denoted as N-[(3-endo)-8-[2-hydroxy-3-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl]-1-(1-methylethyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3-quinolinecarboxamide. In all of the compounds of the invention listed explicitly below, the quinolinone-carboxamide group is endo to the azabicyclooctane group.

Particular mention may be made of the following compounds:

-   1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid     {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[2-hydroxy-3-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide; -   1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid     ((1S,3R,5R)-8-{2-hydroxy-3-[4-(propane-2-sulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl}-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl)-amide; -   1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid     {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[3-(1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-thiomorpholin-4-yl)-2-hydroxypropyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide; -   1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid     {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[(S)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide; -   1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid     {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[(R)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide; -   1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid     {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[3-(4-methanesulfonylmethanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methoxypropyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]-oct-3-yl}amide; -   1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid     {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[3-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methoxypropyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide; -   1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid     {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[3-(1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-thiomorpholin-4-yl)-2-methoxypropyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide; -   methylcarbamic acid     2-{(1S,3R,5R)-3-[(1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)amino]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl}-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)ethyl     ester; -   methylcarbamic acid     1-(4-dimethylcarbamoylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-2-{(1S,3R,5R)-3-[(1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)amino]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl}ethyl     ester; -   methylcarbamic acid     1-[3-(acetylmethylamino)pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl]-2-{(1S,3R,5R)-3-[(1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)amino]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl}ethyl     ester; -   methylcarbamic acid     1-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-2-{(1S,3R,5R)-3-[(1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)amino]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl}-ethyl     ester, -   methylcarbamic acid     (R)-2-{(1S,3R,5R)-3-[(1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)amino]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl}-1-(4-methanesulfonyl-piperazin-1-ylmethyl)ethyl     ester; and

1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[3-hydroxy-2-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}-amide.

As exemplified by particular compounds listed above, the compounds of the invention may contain one or more chiral centers, in particular, the compounds may contain a chiral center at the carbon atom in formulas (I) to (IV) bearing the substituent R³. Accordingly, the invention includes racemic mixtures, pure stereoisomers, and stereoisomer-enriched mixtures of such isomers, unless otherwise indicated. When a particular stereoisomer is shown, it will be understood by those skilled in the art, that minor amounts of other stereoisomers may be present in the compositions of the invention unless otherwise indicated, provided that any utility of the composition as a whole is not eliminated by the presence of such other isomers.

DEFINITIONS

When describing the compounds, compositions and methods of the invention, the following terms have the following meanings, unless otherwise indicated.

The term “alkyl” means a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon group which may be linear or branched or combinations thereof. Unless otherwise defined, such alkyl groups typically contain from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative alkyl groups include, by way of example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl (n-Pr), isopropyl (i-Pr), n-butyl (n-Bu), sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl and the like.

The term “alkylenyl” means a divalent saturated hydrocarbon group which may be linear or branched or combinations thereof. Unless otherwise defined, such alkylenyl groups typically contain from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative alkylenyl groups include, by way of example, methylene, ethylene, n-propylene, n-butylene, propane-1,2-diyl (1-methylethylene), 2-methylpropane-1,2-diyl (1,1-dimethylethylene) and the like.

The term “alkoxy” means the monovalent group -O-alkyl, where alkyl is defined as above. Representative alkoxy groups include, by way of example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, and the like.

The term “cycloalkyl” means a monovalent saturated carbocyclic group which may be monocyclic or multicyclic. Unless otherwise defined, such cycloalkyl groups typically contain from 3 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative cycloalkyl groups include, by way of example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, and the like.

The term “halo” means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.

The term “compound” means a compound that was synthetically prepared or prepared in any other way, such as by metabolism.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount sufficient to effect treatment when administered to a patient in need of treatment.

The term “treatment” as used herein refers to the treatment of a disease, disorder, or medical condition in a patient, such as a mammal (particularly a human) which includes:

-   -   (a) preventing the disease, disorder, or medical condition from         occurring, i.e., prophylactic treatment of a patient;     -   (b) ameliorating the disease, disorder, or medical condition,         i.e., eliminating or causing regression of the disease,         disorder, or medical condition in a patient;     -   (c) suppressing the disease, disorder, or medical condition,         i.e., slowing or arresting the development of the disease,         disorder, or medical condition in a patient; or     -   (d) alleviating the symptoms of the disease, disorder, or         medical condition in a patient.

The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable salt” refers to a salt prepared from an acid or base which is acceptable for administration to a patient, such as a mammal. Such salts can be derived from pharmaceutically-acceptable inorganic or organic acids and from pharmaceutically-acceptable bases. Typically, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of compounds of the present invention are prepared from acids.

Salts derived from pharmaceutically-acceptable acids include, but are not limited to, acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic, xinafoic (1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid), napthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid and the like.

The term “solvate” means a complex or aggregate formed by one or more molecules of a solute, i.e. a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, and one or more molecules of a solvent. Such solvates are typically crystalline solids having a substantially fixed molar ratio of solute and solvent. Representative solvents include by way of example, water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetic acid, and the like. When the solvent is water, the solvate formed is a hydrate.

It will be appreciated that the term “or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or solvate of stereoisomer thereof” is intended to include all permutations of salts, solvates and stereoisomers, such as a solvate of a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of a stereoisomer of a compound of formula (I).

The term “amino-protecting group” means a protecting group suitable for preventing undesired reactions at an amino nitrogen. Representative amino-protecting groups include, but are not limited to, formyl; acyl groups, for example alkanoyl groups, such as acetyl; alkoxycarbonyl groups, such as tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc); arylmethoxycarbonyl groups, such as benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz) and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc); arylmethyl groups, such as benzyl (Bn), trityl (Tr), and 1,1-di-(4′-methoxyphenyl)methyl; silyl groups, such as trimethylsilyl (TMS) and tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS); and the like.

General Synthetic Procedures

Compounds of the invention can be prepared from readily available starting materials using the following general methods and procedures. Although a particular aspect of the present invention is illustrated in the schemes below, those skilled in the art will recognize that all aspects of the present invention can be prepared using the methods described herein or by using other methods, reagents and starting materials known to those skilled in the art. It will also be appreciated that where typical or preferred process conditions (i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given, other process conditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvent used, but such conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.

Additionally, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, conventional protecting groups may be necessary to prevent certain functional groups from undergoing undesired reactions. The choice of a suitable protecting group for a particular functional group, as well as suitable conditions for protection and deprotection, are well known in the art. For example, numerous protecting groups, and their introduction and removal, are described in T. W. Greene and G. M. Wuts, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, Third Edition, Wiley, New York, 1999, and references cited therein.

In one method of synthesis, compounds of formula (I) in which R³ is defined as hydroxy or hydroxy-substituted C₁₋₄alkyl are prepared as illustrated in Scheme A. (The substituents and variables shown in the following schemes have the definitions provided herein unless otherwise indicated).

In Scheme A, intermediate 2 is a secondary amine, and L represents a leaving group such as chloro, bromo, iodo, methanesulfonyl, p-toluenesulfonyl, or trifluoromethanesulfonyl.

For convenience, the moiety:

is represented by Y.

The reaction is typically conducted by contacting intermediate 1 with between about 1 and about 3 equivalents, each, of intermediates 2 and 3 in an inert diluent, such as methanol or ethanol, in the presence of an excess of base, for example between about 3 and about 6 equivalents, of base, such as N,N-diisopropylethylamine. The reaction is typically conducted at a temperature in the range of about 50° C. to about 80° C. for about 12 hours to about 24 hours, or until the reaction is substantially complete. Optionally, equal molar equivalents of intermediates 2 and 3 can be added in portions, as described in Example 1, below.

The product of formula (I) is isolated and purified by conventional procedures. For example, the product can be concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, taken up in an aqueous weak acid solution and purified by HPLC chromatography.

It will be understood that in the process of Scheme A and in other processes described below using intermediate 1, intermediate 1 can be supplied in the form of the freebase or in a salt form, with appropriate adjustment of reaction conditions, as necessary, as known to those skilled in the art.

In Scheme A, the reaction of intermediate 1 with intermediates 2 and 3 is accomplished in a single step. Alternatively, the reaction can be performed in a stepwise manner. Using similar reaction conditions to those described above, intermediates 1 and 3 can first be coupled to form an intermediate 5:

which is then reacted with the amine H—Y to provide a compound of formula (I). Alternatively, the amine can first be coupled to intermediate 3 to form an intermediate 10:

which is subsequently reacted with the quinolinone carboxamide-tropane intermediate 1.

Compounds of formula (I) can also be prepared by N-alkylating a compound of the form of formula (I) in which R² is defined as hydrogen, which can be prepared according to Scheme A. The N-alkylation reaction is typically conducted by contacting a compound of formula (I) in which R² is hydrogen with between about 1 and about 4 equivalents of a compound of the formula L′-R² in which L′ is a leaving group such as iodo or bromo. This reaction is typically conducted in a polar aprotic solvent such as dimethylformamide in the presence of between about 2 and about 4 equivalents of strong base, such as potassium tert-butoxide or sodium hydride. Typically, the reaction is performed at a temperature of between about 60° C. and about 100° C. for between about 6 and about 24 hours, or until the reaction is substantially complete.

In yet another alternative, compounds of formula (I) in which R¹ is other than hydrogen are prepared by conventional processes from compounds of formula (I) in which R¹ is hydrogen.

In another method of synthesis, compounds of formula (I) in which R³ is hydroxy, C₁₋₃alkoxy, or —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b) and the carbon atom bearing the substituent R³ is not chiral can be prepared from an azetidine intermediate 11, as illustrated in Scheme B:

where L′ is a halo anion, such as Cl⁻ or Br⁻.

The reaction is typically conducted by contacting intermediate 11 with between about 1 and about 4 equivalents of intermediate 2 in an inert diluent, such as ethanol, methanol, or dimethylformamide, in the presence of an excess of base, for example between about 2 and about 4 equivalents, of base, such as N,N-diisopropylethylamine, 1,8-diazabicylco[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) or triethylamine. The reaction is typically conducted at a temperature in the range of about 50° C. to about 80° C. for about 1 hour to about 6 hours, or until the reaction is substantially complete. The product is isolated and purified by conventional means.

In yet another method of synthesis, compounds of formula (I) in which R³ is hydroxy can be prepared as illustrated in Scheme C.

When an intermediate of formula 12 in which the carbon indicated by an asterisk is chiral is employed, the reaction of Scheme C is useful to prepare compounds of formula (I) having a chiral center at the carbon bearing the substituent R³. Typically, in the reaction of Scheme C, intermediate 1 is contacted with between about 1 and about 1.2 equivalents of the epoxide 12 in an inert diluent such as ethanol or toluene. The reaction is typically conducted at temperature in the range of about 50° C. to about 100° C. for about 12 hours to about 24 hours, or until the reaction is substantially complete. The product is isolated and purified by conventional means.

The intermediates employed in Schemes A, B, and C above are prepared from readily available starting materials. For example, when R³ is hydroxy, an azetidine intermediate of formula 13 is prepared by the procedure illustrated in Scheme D:

where L′ represents a halo leaving group, such as bromo, chloro, or iodo.

An intermediate of formula 1 is reacted with an oxirane compound, preferably 2-bromomethyloxirane (commonly, epibromohydrin) to form the azetidine salt of formula 13. This reaction is typically conducted by contacting 1 with between about 2 and about 4 equivalents of 2-bromomethyloxirane in a polar diluent, such as ethanol. The reaction is typically conducted at ambient temperature for between about 24 and about 48 hours or until the reaction is substantially complete.

To form the azetidine intermediate 11 in which R³ is C₁₋₃alkoxy, the intermediate of formula 13 above is contacted with from slightly less than one equivalent to about one equivalent of a C₁₋₃alkylhalide in an inert diluent in the presence of between about 1 and about 3 equivalents of a strong base, such as potassium tert-butoxide or sodium hydride. The reaction is typically conducted at ambient temperature for between about a quarter hour to an hour, or until the reaction is substantially complete. Suitable inert diluents include dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, dimethylformamide, and the like.

The azetidine intermediate 11 in which R³ is a carbamic acid moiety of the form —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b) can also be prepared from the intermediate of formula 13 in which R³ is hydroxy. For example, to prepare a compound of formula 11 in which R³ is —OC(O)N(H)CH₃ or —OC(O)N(CH₃)₂, intermediate 13 is contacted with between about 1 and about 3 equivalents of methylisocyanate or dimethylisocyanate, respectively, in an inert diluent in the presence of between about 1 and about 3 equivalents of base, such as N,N-diisopropylethylamine, and of a catalytic amount of a strong base such as potassium tert-butoxide or sodium hydride. The reaction is typically conducted at ambient temperature for between about 4 hours and about 24 hours, or until the reaction is substantially complete.

A process for preparing intermediates of formula 1 is shown in Scheme E:

where P¹ represents an amino-protecting group. The protected aminoazabicyclooctane, or commonly, aminotropane 15 is first reacted with the substituted quinolinone carboxylic acid 14. Typically, this reaction is conducted by first converting 14 to an acid chloride by contacting 14 with at least one equivalent, preferably between about 1 and about 2 equivalents of an activating agent, such as thionyl chloride or oxalyl chloride in an aromatic diluent, such as toluene, benzene, xylene, or the like. The reaction is typically conducted at a temperature ranging from about 80° C. to about 120° C. for about 15 minutes to about 4 hours, or until the reaction is substantially complete.

The acid chloride solution is typically added to a biphasic mixture of about 1 equivalent of the aminotropane 15 to form a protected intermediate, which is extracted by standard procedures. The biphasic mixture of 15 is generally prepared by dissolving 15 in an aromatic diluent, such as used above, and adding an aqueous solution containing an excess of base, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, preferably about 2 to 5 equivalents of base.

Alternatively, the amide coupling of intermediate 15 with the carboxylic acid 14 can be performed in the presence of a coupling agent such as 1,3 dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC), or benzotriazol-1-yloxytripyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBop), optionally combined with 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt). In yet another alternative, the amide coupling of intermediate 15 with the carboxylic acid 14 can be performed by converting 14 to an activated ester.

The protecting group P¹ is removed by standard procedures to provide an intermediate of formula 1. For example when the protecting group is Boc, typically removal is by treatment with an acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid, providing the acid salt of the intermediate. The acid salt of intermediate 1 can be converted to the free base, if desired, by conventional treatment with base. The protecting group Cbz, for another example, is conveniently removed by hydrogenolysis over a suitable metal catalyst such as palladium on carbon.

The protected aminotropane 15 employed in the reactions described in this application is prepared from readily available starting materials. For example, when the protecting group P¹ is Boc, the protected aminotropane 16 is prepared by the procedure illustrated in Scheme F.

As described in detail in Example 1a below, to prepare the protected intermediate 16, first, 2,5-dimethoxy tetrahydrofuran 17 is contacted with between about 1 and 2 equivalents, preferably about 1.5 equivalents of benzyl amine and a slight excess, for example about 1.1 equivalents, of 1,3-acetonedicarboxylic acid 18 in an acidic aqueous solution in the presence of a buffering agent such as sodium hydrogen phosphate. The reaction mixture is heated to between about 60° C. and about 100° C. to ensure decarboxylation of any carboxylated intermediates in the product, 8-benzyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one 19, commonly N-benzyltropanone.

The intermediate 19 is typically reacted with a slight excess of di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (commonly (Boc)₂O), for example, about 1.1 equivalents, under a hydrogen atmosphere in the presence of a transition metal catalyst to provide the Boc protected intermediate 20, 3-oxo-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester. The reaction is typically conducted at ambient temperature for about 12 to about 72 hours. Finally, intermediate 20 is contacted with a large excess, for example at least about 25 equivalents, of ammonium formate in an inert diluent, such as methanol, in the presence of a transition metal catalyst to provide the product 16 in the endo configuration, with high stereospecificity, for example endo to exo ratio of >99:1. The reaction is typically conducted at ambient temperature for about 12 to about 72 hours or until the reaction is substantially complete. It is advantageous to add the ammonium formate reagent in portions. For example, intermediate 20 is contacted with an initial portion of ammonium formate of about 15 to about 25 equivalents. After an interval of about 12 to about 36 hours, an additional portion of about 5 to about 10 equivalents of ammonium formate is added. The subsequent addition can be repeated after a similar interval. The product 16 can be purified by conventional procedures, such as alkaline extraction.

The quinolinone carboxylic acid 14 is readily prepared by procedures similar to those reported in the literature in Suzuki et al, Heterocycles, 2000, 53, 2471-2485 and described in the examples below.

The oxirane intermediate 12 used in Scheme C can be prepared by reaction with a halomethyloxirane as shown in Scheme G:

where L is a halo leaving group. This reaction is typically conducted by contacting the amine of formula 2 with between about 1 and about 2 equivalents of a halomethyloxirane in a polar diluent such as ethanol. The reaction is typically conducted at ambient temperature for between about 12 and about 24 hours, or until the reaction is substantially complete. The linear intermediate 21 is typically isolated by conventional procedures as a solid. The solid 21 is typically dissolved in an inert diluent, for example tetrahydrofuran, in the presence of a molar excess of base, for example sodium hydroxide, to produce the cyclized form 12.

The secondary amines H—Y are available commercially or are readily synthesized from common starting materials according to standard protocols described in the literature or in textbooks, such as J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition, Wiley, New York, 1992, and as exemplified below.

In yet another alternative method of synthesis, compounds of formula (D) are prepared by coupling the substituted quinolinone carboxylic acid 14 with an intermediate of formula 22 as illustrated in Scheme H.

The reaction of Scheme H is typically conducted under the amide coupling conditions described above for the reaction of the carboxylic acid 14 with intermediate 15.

Intermediates of formula 22 can be prepared by deprotecting an intermediate of formula 23:

where P² represents an amino-protecting group.

Intermediates of formula 23 can be prepared from readily available starting materials using procedures analogous to the reactions described above and/or using alternative reactions well known to those skilled in the art. For example, intermediate 23 can be prepared using an intermediate 24

which may be formed by protecting the amino nitrogen of the aminoazobicyclooctane 15 with amino-protecting group P² and then removing P¹ from the nitrogen of the azabicyclooctane group. Protecting groups P¹ and P² are chosen such that they are removed under different conditions. For example when P¹ is chosen as Boc, then Cbz can be used as P². Substituting the protected aminotropane 24 for intermediate 1 in the reactions described in Schemes A, C, and D provides intermediates of formula 23.

Further details regarding specific reaction conditions and other procedures for preparing representative compounds of the invention or intermediates thereto are described in the examples below.

Accordingly, in a method aspect, the invention provides a process for preparing a compound of formula (I), wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, n, and X are defined as in formula (I), or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, the process comprising:

(a) reacting a compound of formula (VI):

wherein L′ is an anion, with a compound of formula (VII):

or

(b) reacting a compound of formula (VIII):

with a compound of formula (IX):

to provide a compound of formula (I), or a salt or stereoisomer thereof.

The invention also provides a process for preparing a compound of formula (I),

wherein R³ is hydroxy and R¹, R², R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, n, and X are defined as in formula (I), or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, the process comprising:

step (a) or step (b) as defined above, or

(c) reacting a compound of formula (X):

or a salt thereof, with a compound of formula (VII) and a compound of formula (XI):

wherein L is a leaving group; or

(d) reacting a compound of formula (X) with a compound of formula (XII):

to provide a compound of formula (I), or a salt or stereoisomer thereof.

In still other aspects, this invention is directed to additional processes described herein; and to the products prepared by any of the processes described herein.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The quinolinone-carboxamide compounds of the invention are typically administered to a patient in the form of a pharmaceutical composition. Such pharmaceutical compositions may be administered to the patient by any acceptable route of administration including, but not limited to, oral, rectal, vaginal, nasal, inhaled, topical (including transdermal) and parenteral modes of administration.

Accordingly, in one of its compositions aspects, the invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier or excipient and a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Optionally, such pharmaceutical compositions may contain other therapeutic and/or formulating agents if desired.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention typically contain a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof. Typically, such pharmaceutical compositions will contain from about 0.1 to about 95% by weight of the active agent; preferably, from about 5 to about 70% by weight; and more preferably from about 10 to about 60% by weight of the active agent.

Any conventional carrier or excipient may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. The choice of a particular carrier or excipient, or combinations of carriers or excipients, will depend on the mode of administration being used to treat a particular patient or type of medical condition or disease state. In this regard, the preparation of a suitable pharmaceutical composition for a particular mode of administration is well within the scope of those skilled in the pharmaceutical arts. Additionally, the ingredients for such compositions are commercially-available from, for example, Sigma, P.O. Box 14508, St. Louis, Mo. 63178. By way of further illustration, conventional formulation techniques are described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20^(th) Edition, Lippincott Williams & White, Baltimore, Md. (2000); and H. C. Ansel et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, 7^(th) Edition, Lippincott Williams & White, Baltimore, Md. (1999).

Representative examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, the following: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose, such as microcrystalline cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer's solution; (19) ethyl alcohol; (20) phosphate buffer solutions; and (21) other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical compositions.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are typically prepared by thoroughly and intimately mixing or blending a compound of the invention with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier and one or more optional ingredients. If necessary or desired, the resulting uniformly blended mixture can then be shaped or loaded into tablets, capsules, pills and the like using conventional procedures and equipment.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are preferably packaged in a unit dosage form. The term “unit dosage form” refers to a physically discrete unit suitable for dosing a patient, i.e., each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active agent calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect either alone or in combination with one or more additional units. For example, such unit dosage forms may be capsules, tablets, pills, and the like.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are suitable for oral administration. Suitable pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, tablets, pills, lozenges, cachets, dragees, powders, granules; or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion; or as an elixir or syrup; and the like; each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the present invention as an active ingredient.

When intended for oral administration in a solid dosage form (i.e., as capsules, tablets, pills and the like), the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention will typically comprise a compound of the present invention as the active ingredient and one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate. Optionally or alternatively, such solid dosage forms may also comprise: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and/or sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as cetyl alcohol and/or glycerol monostearate; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin and/or bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and/or mixtures thereof; (10) coloring agents; and (11) buffering agents.

Release agents, wetting agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. Examples of pharmaceutically-acceptable antioxidants include: (1) water-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfate sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal-chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. Coating agents for tablets, capsules, pills and like, include those used for enteric coatings, such as cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, methacrylic acid-methacrylic acid ester copolymers, cellulose acetate trimellitate (CAT), carboxymethyl ethyl cellulose (CMEC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), and the like.

If desired, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may also be formulated to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient using, by way of example, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose in varying proportions; or other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres.

In addition, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may optionally contain opacifying agents and may be formulated so that they release the active ingredient only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. The active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.

Suitable liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, by way of illustration, pharmaceutically-acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Such liquid dosage forms typically comprise the active ingredient and an inert diluent, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (esp., cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Suspensions, in addition to the active ingredient, may contain suspending agents such as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.

Alternatively, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are formulated for administration by inhalation. Suitable pharmaceutical compositions for administration by inhalation will typically be in the form of an aerosol or a powder. Such compositions are generally administered using well-known delivery devices, such as a metered-dose inhaler, a dry powder inhaler, a nebulizer or a similar delivery device.

When administered by inhalation using a pressurized container, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention will typically comprise the active ingredient and a suitable propellant, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.

Additionally, the pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of a capsule or cartridge (made, for example, from gelatin) comprising a compound of the invention and a powder suitable for use in a powder inhaler. Suitable powder bases include, by way of example, lactose or starch.

The compounds of the invention can also be administered transdermally using known transdermal delivery systems and excipients. For example, a compound of the invention can be admixed with permeation enhancers, such as propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol monolaurate, azacycloalkan-2-ones and the like, and incorporated into a patch or similar delivery system. Additional excipients including gelling agents, emulsifiers and buffers, may be used in such transdermal compositions if desired.

The following formulations illustrate representative pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention:

FORMULATION EXAMPLE A

Hard gelatin capsules for oral administration are prepared as follows:

Ingredients Amount Compound of the invention 50 mg Lactose (spray-dried) 200 mg Magnesium stearate 10 mg

-   -   Representative Procedure: The ingredients are thoroughly blended         and then loaded into a hard gelatin capsule (260 mg of         composition per capsule).

FORMULATION EXAMPLE B

Hard gelatin capsules for oral administration are prepared as follows:

Ingredients Amount Compound of the invention 20 mg Starch 89 mg Microcrystalline cellulose 89 mg Magnesium stearate 2 mg

-   -   Representative Procedure: The ingredients are thoroughly blended         and then passed through a No. 45 mesh U.S. sieve and loaded into         a hard gelatin capsule (200 mg of composition per capsule).

FORMULATION EXAMPLE C

Capsules for oral administration are prepared as follows:

Ingredients Amount Compound of the invention 10 mg Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate 50 mg Starch powder 250 mg

-   -   Representative Procedure: The ingredients are thoroughly blended         and then loaded into a gelatin capsule (310 mg of composition         per capsule).

FORMULATION EXAMPLE D

Tablets for oral administration are prepared as follows:

Ingredients Amount Compound of the invention 5 mg Starch 50 mg Macrocrystalline cellulose 35 mg Polyvinylpyrrolidone (10 wt. % in water) 4 mg Sodium carboxymethyl starch 4.5 mg Magnesium stearate 0.5 mg Talc 1 mg

-   -   Representative Procedure: The active ingredient, starch and         cellulose are passed through a No. 45 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed         thoroughly. The solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone is mixed with         the resulting powders, and this mixture is then passed through a         No. 14 mesh U.S. sieve. The granules so produced are dried at         50-60° C. and passed through a No. 18 mesh U.S. sieve. The         sodium carboxymethyl starch, magnesium stearate and talc         (previously passed through a No. 60 mesh U.S. sieve) are then         added to the granules. After mixing, the mixture is compressed         on a tablet machine to afford a tablet weighing 100 mg.

FORMULATION EXAMPLE E

Tablets for oral administration are prepared as follows:

Ingredients Amount Compound of the invention 25 mg Microcrystalline cellulose 400 mg Silicon dioxide fumed 10 mg Stearic acid 5 mg

-   -   Representative Procedure: The ingredients are thoroughly blended         and then compressed to form tablets (440 mg of composition per         tablet).

FORMULATION EXAMPLE F

Single-scored tablets for oral administration are prepared as follows:

Ingredients Amount Compound of the invention 15 mg Cornstarch 50 mg Croscarmellose sodium 25 mg Lactose 120 mg Magnesium stearate 5 mg

-   -   Representative Procedure: The ingredients are thoroughly blended         and compressed to form a single-scored tablet (215 mg of         compositions per tablet).

FORMULATION EXAMPLE G

A suspension for oral administration is prepared as follows:

Ingredients Amount Compound of the invention 0.1 g Fumaric acid 0.5 g Sodium chloride 2.0 g Methyl paraben 0.15 g Propyl paraben 0.05 g Granulated sugar 25.5 g Sorbitol (70% solution) 12.85 g Veegum k (Vanderbilt Co.) 1.0 g Flavoring 0.035 mL Colorings 0.5 mg Distilled water q.s. to 100 mL

-   -   Representative Procedure: The ingredients are mixed to form a         suspension containing 10 mg of active ingredient per 10 mL of         suspension.

FORMULATION EXAMPLE H

A dry powder for administration by inhalation is prepared as follows:

Ingredients Amount Compound of the invention 1.0 mg Lactose 25 mg

-   -   Representative Procedure: The active ingredient is micronized         and then blended with lactose. This blended mixture is then         loaded into a gelatin inhalation cartridge. The contents of the         cartridge are administered using a powder inhaler.

FORMULATION EXAMPLE I

A dry powder for administration by inhalation in a metered dose inhaler is prepared as follows:

-   -   Representative Procedure: A suspension containing 5 wt. % of a         compound of the invention and 0.1 wt. % lecithin is prepared by         dispersing 10 g of active compound as micronized particles with         mean size less than 10 μm in a solution formed from 0.2 g of         lecithin dissolved in 200 mL of demineralized water. The         suspension is spray dried and the resulting material is         micronized to particles having a mean diameter less than 1.5 μm.         The particles are loaded into cartridges with pressurized         1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane.

FORMULATION EXAMPLE J

An injectable formulation is prepared as follows:

Ingredients Amount Compound of the invention 0.2 g Sodium acetate buffer solution (0.4 M) 40 mL HCl (0.5 N) or NaOH (0.5 N) q.s. to pH 4 Water (distilled, sterile) q.s. to 20 mL

-   -   Representative Procedure: The above ingredients are blended and         the pH is adjusted to 4±0.5 using 0.5 N HCl or 0.5 N NaOH.

FORMULATION EXAMPLE K

Capsules for oral administration are prepared as follows:

Ingredients Amount Compound of the Invention 4.05 mg Microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 103) 259.2 mg Magnesium stearate 0.75 mg

-   -   Representative Procedure: The ingredients are thoroughly blended         and then loaded into a gelatin capsule (Size #1, White, Opaque)         (264 mg of composition per capsule).

FORMULATION EXAMPLE L

Capsules for oral administration are prepared as follows:

Ingredients Amount Compound of the Invention 8.2 mg Microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 103) 139.05 mg Magnesium stearate 0.75 mg

-   -   Representative Procedure: The ingredients are thoroughly blended         and then loaded into a gelatin capsule (Size #1, White, Opaque)         (148 mg of composition per capsule).

It will be understood that any form of the compounds of the invention, (i.e. free base, pharmaceutical salt, or solvate) that is suitable for the particular mode of administration, can be used in the pharmaceutical compositions discussed above.

Utility

The quinolinone-carboxamide compounds of the invention are 5-HT₄ receptor agonists and therefore are expected to be useful for treating medical conditions mediated by 5-HT₄ receptors or associated with 5-HT₄ receptor activity, i.e. medical conditions which are ameliorated by treatment with a 5-HT₄ receptor agonist. Such medical conditions include, but are not limited to, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), chronic constipation, functional dyspepsia, delayed gastric emptying, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastroparesis, diabetic and idiopathic gastropathy, post-operative ileus, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, and drug-induced delayed transit. In addition, it has been suggested that some 5-HT₄ receptor agonist compounds may be used in the treatment of central nervous system disorders including cognitive disorders, behavioral disorders, mood disorders, and disorders of control of autonomic function.

In particular, the compounds of the invention increase motility of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and thus are expected to be useful for treating disorders of the GI tract caused by reduced motility in mammals, including humans. Such GI motility disorders include, by way of illustration, chronic constipation, constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (C-IBS), diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis, and functional dyspepsia.

In one aspect, therefore, the invention provides a method of increasing motility of the gastrointestinal tract in a mammal, the method comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier and a compound of the invention.

When used to treat disorders of reduced motility of the GI tract or other conditions mediated by 5-HT₄ receptors, the compounds of the invention will typically be administered orally in a single daily dose or in multiple doses per day, although other forms of administration may be used. The amount of active agent administered per dose or the total amount administered per day will typically be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered and its relative activity, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.

Suitable doses for treating disorders of reduced motility of the GI tract or other disorders mediated by 5-HT₄ receptors will range from about 0.0007 to about 20 mg/kg/day of active agent, preferably from about 0.0007 to about 1 mg/kg/day. For an average 70 kg human, this would amount to from about 0.05 to about 70 mg per day of active agent.

In one aspect of the invention, the compounds of the invention are used to treat chronic constipation. When used to treat chronic constipation, the compounds of the invention will typically be administered orally in a single daily dose or in multiple doses per day. Preferably, the dose for treating chronic constipation will range from about 0.05 to about 70 mg per day.

In another aspect of the invention, the compounds of the invention are used to treat irritable bowel syndrome. When used to treat constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, the compounds of the invention will typically be administered orally in a single daily dose or in multiple doses per day. Preferably, the dose for treating constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome will range from about 0.05 to about 70 mg per day.

In another aspect of the invention, the compounds of the invention are used to treat diabetic gastroparesis. When used to treat diabetic gastroparesis, the compounds of the invention will typically be administered orally in a single daily dose or in multiple doses per day. Preferably, the dose for treating diabetic gastroparesis will range from about 0.05 to about 70 mg per day.

In yet another aspect of the invention, the compounds of the invention are used to treat functional dyspepsia. When used to treat functional dyspepsia, the compounds of the invention will typically be administered orally in a single daily dose or in multiple doses per day. Preferably, the dose for treating functional dyspepsia will range from about 0.05 to about 70 mg per day.

The invention also provides a method of treating a mammal having a disease or condition associated with 5-HT₄ receptor activity, the method comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention or of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention.

As described above, compounds of the invention are 5-HT₄ receptor agonists. The invention further provides, therefore, a method of agonizing a 5-HT₄ receptor in a mammal, the method comprising administering a compound of the invention to the mammal. In addition, the compounds of the invention are also useful as research tools for investigating or studying biological systems or samples having 5-HT₄ receptors, or for discovering new 5-HT₄ receptor agonists. Moreover, since compounds of the invention exhibit binding selectivity for 5-HT₄ receptors as compared with binding to receptors of other 5-HT subtypes, particularly 5-HT₃ receptors, such compounds are particularly useful for studying the effects of selective agonism of 5-HT₄ receptors in a biological system or sample. Any suitable biological system or sample having 5-HT₄ receptors may be employed in such studies which may be conducted either in vitro or in vivo. Representative biological systems or samples suitable for such studies include, but are not limited to, cells, cellular extracts, plasma membranes, tissue samples, mammals (such as mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, pigs, etc.) and the like.

In this aspect of the invention, a biological system or sample comprising a 5-HT₄ receptor is contacted with a 5-HT₄ receptor-agonizing amount of a compound of the invention. The effects of agonizing the 5-HT₄ receptor are then determined using conventional procedures and equipment, such as radioligand binding assays and functional assays. Such functional assays include ligand-mediated changes in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), ligand-mediated changes in activity of the enzyme adenylyl cyclase (which synthesizes cAMP), ligand-mediated changes in incorporation of analogs of guanosine triphosphate (GTP), such as [³⁵S]GTPγS (guanosine 5′-O-(γ-thio)triphosphate) or GTP-Eu, into isolated membranes via receptor catalyzed exchange of GTP analogs for GDP analogs, ligand-mediated changes in free intracellular calcium ions (measured, for example, with a fluorescence-linked imaging plate reader or FLIPR® from Molecular Devices, Inc.), and measurement of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. A compound of the invention may agonize or increase the activation of 5-HT₄ receptors in any of the functional assays listed above, or assays of a similar nature. A 5-HT₄ receptor-agonizing amount of a compound of the invention will typically range from about 1 nanomolar to about 1000 nanomolar.

Additionally, the compounds of the invention can be used as research tools for discovering new 5-HT₄ receptor agonists. In this embodiment, 5-HT₄ receptor binding or functional data for a test compound or a group of test compounds is compared to the 5-HT₄ receptor binding or functional data for a compound of the invention to identify test compounds that have superior binding or functional activity, if any. This aspect of the invention includes, as separate embodiments, both the generation of comparison data (using the appropriate assays) and the analysis of the test data to identify test compounds of interest.

Among other properties, compounds of the invention have been found to be potent agonists of the 5-HT₄ receptor and to exhibit substantial selectivity for the 5-HT₄ receptor subtype over the 5-HT₃ receptor subtype in radioligand binding assays. Further, compounds of the invention of which particular mention was made have demonstrated superior pharmacokinetic properties in a rat model. Such compounds are thus expected to be highly bioavailable upon oral administration. In addition, these compounds have been shown not to exhibit an unacceptable level of inhibition of the potassium ion current in an in vitro voltage-clamp model using isolated whole cells expressing the hERG cardiac potassium channel. The voltage-clamp assay is an accepted pre-clinical method of assessing the potential for pharmaceutical agents to change the pattern of cardiac repolarization, specifically to cause, so-called QT prolongation, which has been associated with cardiac arrhythmia. (Cavero et al., Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2000, 1, 947-73, Fermini et al., Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2003, 2, 439-447) Accordingly, pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds of the invention are expected to have an acceptable cardiac profile.

There properties, as well as the utility of the compounds of the invention, can be demonstrated using various in vitro and in vivo assays well-known to those skilled in the art. Representative assays are described in further detail in the following examples.

EXAMPLES

The following synthetic and biological examples are offered to illustrate the invention, and are not to be construed in any way as limiting the scope of the invention. In the examples below, the following abbreviations have the following meanings unless otherwise indicated. Abbreviations not defined below have their generally accepted meanings.

-   -   Boc=tert-butoxycarbonyl     -   (Boc)₂O=di-tert-butyl dicarbonate     -   DCM=dichloromethane     -   DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide     -   DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide     -   EtOAc=ethyl acetate     -   mCPBA=m-chloroperbenzoic acid     -   MeCN=acetonitrile     -   MTBE=tert-butyl methyl ether     -   PyBop=benzotriazol-1-yloxytripyrrolidino-phosphonium         hexafluorophosphate     -   R_(f)=retention factor     -   RT=room temperature     -   TFA=trifluoroacetic acid     -   THF=tetrahydrofuran

Reagents (including secondary amines) and solvents were purchased from commercial suppliers (Aldrich, Fluka, Sigma, etc.), and used without further purification. Reactions were run under nitrogen atmosphere, unless noted otherwise. Progress of reaction mixtures was monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC), analytical high performance liquid chromatography (anal. HPLC), and mass spectrometry, the details of which are given below and separately in specific examples of reactions. Reaction mixtures were worked up as described specifically in each reaction; commonly they were purified by extraction and other purification methods such as temperature-, and solvent-dependent crystallization, and precipitation. In addition, reaction mixtures were routinely purified by preparative HPLC: a general protocol is described below. Characterization of reaction products was routinely carried out by mass and ¹H-NMR spectrometry. For NMR measurement, samples were dissolved in deuterated solvent (CD₃OD, CDCl₃, or DMSO-d₆), and ¹H-NMR spectra were acquired with a Varian Gemini 2000 instrument (300 MHz) under standard observation conditions. Mass spectrometric identification of compounds was performed by an electrospray ionization method (ESMS) with a Perkin Elmer instrument (PE SCIEX API 150 EX).

General Protocol for Analytical HPLC

Crude compounds were dissolved in 50% MeCN/H₂O (with 0.1% TFA) at 0.5-1.0 mg/mL concentration, and analyzed using the following conditions:

Column: Zorbax Bonus-RP (3.5 μm of particle size, 2.1 × 50 mm) Flow rate: 0.5 mL/min Mobile Phases: A = 90% MeCN/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA B = 98% H₂O/2% MeCN/0.1% TFA Gradient: 10% A/90% B (0-0.5 min); 10% A/90% B to 50% A/50% B (linear, 0.5-5 min) Detector wavelength: 214, 254, and 280 nm. Alternative conditions, when used, are indicated explicitly.

General Protocol for Preparative HPLC Purification

Crude compounds were dissolved in 50% acetic acid in water at 50-100 mg/mL concentration, filtered, and fractionated using the following procedure:

Column: YMC Pack-Pro C18 (50a × 20 mm; ID = 5 μm) Flow rate: 40 mL/min Mobile Phases: A = 90% MeCN/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA B = 98% H₂O/2% MeCN/0.1% TFA Gradient: 10% A/90% B to 50% A/50% B over 30 min (linear) Detector wavelength: 214 nm.

Preparation of Secondary Amines

Preparation of Secondary Amines not Available Commercially is Exemplified by the following:

Thiomorpholine-1,1-dioxide was prepared from thiomorpholine by protection of the secondary amine to N-Boc thiomorpholine ((Boc)₂O, MeOH), oxidation to sulfone (mCPBA, CH₂Cl₂, 0° C.), and deprotection of the N-Boc group to provide the free amine (CF₃CO₂H, CH₂Cl₂). (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₄H₉NO₂S, 136.04; found, 135.9.

The N-sulfonyl derivatives of piperazine were prepared from N-Boc piperazine by reacting with respective sulfonyl chloride (iPr₂NEt, CH₂Cl₂, 0° C.), and deprotecting the N-Boc group (CF₃CO₂H, CH₂Cl₂). 1-Methanesulfonyl-piperazine: ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃; neutral): δ (ppm) 3.1 (t, 4H), 2.9 (t, 4H), 2.7 (s, 3H). 1-(Methylsulfonyl)methanesulfonyl-piperazine: ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ (ppm) 2.90 (s, 3H), 3.02 (m, 4H), 3.38 (m, 4H), 4.61 (s, 2H). Methanesulfonylpiperazine was also prepared by reacting methanesulfonyl chloride with excess piperazine (>2 equivalents) in water.

The racemic or single chiral isomer forms of 3-acetylaminopyrrolidine were prepared by treating N¹-Boc-3-aminopyrrolidine (racemate, 3R, or 3S) with acetyl chloride (iPr₂NEt, CH₂Cl₂, 0° C.), and deprotecting the N-Boc group (CF₃CO₂H, CH₂Cl₂). 3-(Acetamido)pyrrolidine: ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆; TFA salt): δ (ppm) 4.2 (quin, 1H), 3.3-3.1 (m, 3H), 2.9 (m, 1H), 2.0 (m, 1H), 1.8 (br s, 4H).

3-((R)-2-Hydroxypropionamido)pyrrolidine was prepared after amidation of N¹-Boc-3-aminopyrrolidine (L-lactic acid, PyBOP, DMF, RT), and deprotection of N-Boc group (CF₃CO₂H, CH₂Cl₂). (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₇H₁₄N₂O₂, 159.11; found, 159.0. ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD; TFA salt): δ (ppm) 4.4 (quin, 1H), 4.1 (q, 1H), 3.5-3.4 (m, 2H), 3.3-3.2 (m, 2H), 2.3 (m, 1H), 2.0 (m, 1H), 1.3 (d, 3H).

The N³-alkanesulfonyl derivatives of (3R)-aminopyrrolidine were obtained by treating N¹-Boc-(3R)-aminopyrrolidine with propionylsulfonyl chloride or cyclohexylmethylsulfonyl chloride (i-Pr₂NEt, CH₂Cl₂, 0° C.), and deprotecting N-Boc group (CF₃CO₂H, CH₂Cl₂).

3-(N-Acetyl-N-methylamido)piperidine was prepared from N³-Cbz protected 3-amino-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid t-butyl ester (De Costa, B., et al. J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 4334-43) after four synthetic steps: i) MeI, n-BuLi, THF, −78° C. to rt; ii) H₂ (1 atm), 10% Pd/C, EtOH; iii) AcCl, i-Pr₂NEt, CH₂Cl₂; iv) CF₃CO₂H, CH₂Cl₂. m/z: [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₈H₁₆N₂O: 157.13; found, 157.2. ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD; TFA salt): δ (ppm) 4.6 (m, 1H), 3.3 (m, 1H), 3.2 (m, 1H), 3.0 (m, 1H), 2.9 (s, 3H), 2.8 (m, 1H), 2.0 (s, 3H), 1.9-1.7 (m, 4H).

3-(N-Acetyl-amido)piperidine was prepared from 3-amino-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester after N-acetylation and deprotection of the N-Boc group: i) AcCl, i-Pr₂NEt, CH₂Cl₂; ii) CF₃CO₂H, CH₂Cl₂. ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD; TFA salt): δ (ppm) 3.9 (m, 1H), 3.3 (dd, 1H), 3.2 (m, 1H), 2.9 (dt, 1H), 2.75 (dt, 1H), 2.0-1.9 (m, 2H), 1.9 (s, 3H), 1.8-1.4 (m, 2H).

The N³-alkanesulfonyl derivatives of 3-aminopiperidine were synthesized by reacting the chiral or racemic forms of 3-amino-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester with the respective alkanesulfonyl chloride (i-Pr₂NEt, CH₂Cl₂) and deprotecting the N-Boc group (CF₃CO₂H, CH₂Cl₂). (3S)-3-(ethanesulfonylamido)piperidine: ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ (ppm) 1.29 (t, 3H, J₁=7.4 Hz), 1.50-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.90-2.10 (m, 2H), 2.89 (m, 2H), 3.05 (q, 2H, J₁=7.4 Hz), 3.27 (m, 2H), 3.40 (d of d(br), 1H), 3.52 (m, 1H). 3S-Methylsulfonylmethanesulfonylamido-piperidine: ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ (ppm) 2.13-2.30 (m, 2H), 2.40-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.98 (m, 2H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 3.21 (m, 2H), 3.30 (br d, 1H), 3.74 (m, 1H).

3-(Methylamino)-1-acetylpyrrolidine was prepared from 3-(methylamino)-1-benzylpyrrolidine (TCI America) after four steps: i) (Boc)₂O, MeOH, rt; ii) H₂ (1 atm), 10% Pd/C, EtOH; iii) AcCl, i-Pr₂NEt, CH₂Cl₂; iv) CF₃CO₂H, CH₂Cl₂. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₇H₁₄N₂O: 143.12; found, 143.0.

3-(Methylamino)-1-(methanesulfonyl)pyrrolidine was prepared from 3-(methylamino)-1-benzylpyrrolidine after four steps: i) (Boc)₂O, MeOH, rt; ii) H₂ (1 atm), 10% Pd/C, EtOH; iii) CH₃SO₂Cl, i-Pr₂NEt, CH₂Cl₂; iv) CF₃CO₂H, CH₂Cl₂. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₆H₁₄N₂O₂S: 179.08; found, 179.2. 3R-Methylamino-1-(methanesulfonyl)pyrrolidine was prepared in a similar manner from (3R)-(methylamino)-1-benzylpyrrolidine.

Derivatives of tetrahydro-3-thiophenamine-1,1-dioxide were prepared following the protocol of Loev, B. J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 4394-9 by reacting 3-sulfolene with a requisite primary amine in methanol (cat. KOH, rt). N-Methyl-3-tetrahydrothiopheneamine-1,1-dioxide (TFA salt): ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ (ppm) 9.4 (br s, 2H), 4.0-3.8 (quin, 1H), 3.6-3.5 (dd, 1H), 3.4-3.3 (m, 1H), 3.2-3.1 (m, 2H), 2.5 (s, 3H), 2.4 (m, 1H), 2.1 (m, 1H). N-2-(1-hydroxy)ethyl-3-tetrahydrothiopheneamine-1,1-dioxide: (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₆H₁₃NO₃S: 180.07; found, 180.2.

N-Methyl-tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-amine-1,1-dioxide was prepared from tetrahydro-4H-thiopyran-4-one: i) MeNH₂, NaBH₄; ii) (Boc)₂O, MeOH; iii) mCPBA, CH₂Cl₂, 0° C.; iv) CF₃CO₂H, CH₂Cl₂. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₆H₁₃NO₂S 164.07; found, 164.9. ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD; TFA salt): δ (ppm) 3.4-3.1 (m, 5H), 2.7 (s, 3H), 2.4 (br d, 2H), 2.1 (br m, 2H).

1-Acetyl-3-(methylamino)piperidine was prepared from N³-Cbz protected 3-methylamino-piperidine: i) AcCl, i-Pr₂NEt, CH₂Cl₂; ii) H₂ (1 atm), 10% Pd/C, EtOH. 1H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ (ppm) 4.0 (m, 1H), 3.6 (m, 1H), 3.4-3.2 (m, 2H), 3.0 (m, 1H), 2.6 (s, 3H), 2.1 (s, 3H), 1.8-1.6 (m, 4H).

1-(Methanesulfonyl)-3-(methylamino)piperidine was prepared from N³-Cbz protected 3-methylamino-piperidine: i) CH₃SO₂Cl, i-Pr₂NEt, CH₂Cl₂; ii) H₂ (1 atm), 10% Pd/C, EtOH. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₇H₁₆N₂O₂S 193.10; found, 193.0. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆; TFA salt): δ (ppm) 3.4 (dd, 1H), 3.2 (m, 2H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 3.0-2.9 (m, 2H), 2.8 (s, 3H), 1.85-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.6-1.4 (m, 2H).

The N-derivatives of piperazine such as 1-(methoxycarbonyl)piperazine, 1-(dimethylaminocarbonyl)piperazine, and 1-(dimethylaminosulfonyl)piperazine were prepared by reacting piperazine with methylchloroformate, dimethylaminochoroformate, or dimethylaminosulfamoyl chloride, respectively.

1-Methylamino-2-methylsulfonylethane was obtained by reacting methylamine with methyl vinyl sulfone in methanol.

N-[2-(2-methoxyethylamino)ethyl], N-methyl-methanesulfonamide was synthesized starting from partially N-Boc protected ethanediamine by the following four step reaction sequence: i) methylsulfonyl chloride, triethylamine; ii) MeI, Cs₂CO₃; iii) NaH, 1-bromo-2-methoxyethane; iv) CF₃CO₂H.

Methyl 4-piperidinylcarbamate was prepared from the reaction of N¹-Boc protected 4-aminopiperidine with methylchloroformate followed by the deprotection of the N-Boc group.

4-Piperidinol-dimethylcarbamate, and N-dimethyl-N′-(3-piperidinyl)urea were prepared by reacting dimethylcarbamoyl chloride with N-Boc protected 4-piperidinol or N¹-Boc-3-aminopiperidine, respectively.

3-(Methylamino)-1-(dimethylaminosulfonyl)pyrrolidine was obtained by reacting 3-(N-methyl-N-Boc-amino)pyrrolidine with dimethylsulfamoyl chloride.

2-(3-Pyrrolidinyl)isothiazolidine-1,1-dioxide was synthesized by treating N¹-Boc protected 3-aminopyrrolidine with 3-chloropropylsulfonyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine, and followed by deprotection of the Boc group by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid.

Preparation 1 (1S,3R,5R)-3-amino-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester a. Preparation of 8-benzyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one

Concentrated hydrochloric acid (30 mL) was added to a heterogeneous solution of 2,5-dimethoxy tetrahydrofuran (82.2 g, 0.622 mol) in water (170 mL) while stirring. In a separate flask cooled to 0° C. (ice bath), concentrated hydrochloric acid (92 mL) was added slowly to a solution of benzyl amine (100 g, 0.933 mol) in water (350 mL). The 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran solution was stirred for approximately 20 min, diluted with water (250 mL), and then the benzyl amine solution was added, followed by the addition of a solution of 1,3-acetonedicarboxylic acid (100 g, 0.684 mol) in water (400 mL) and then the addition of sodium hydrogen phosphate (44 g, 0.31 mol) in water (200 mL). The pH was adjusted from pH 1 to pH ˜4.5 using 40% NaOH. The resulting cloudy and pale yellow solution was stirred overnight. The solution was then acidified to pH 3 from pH 7.5 using 50% hydrochloric acid, heated to 85° C. and stirred for 2 hours. The solution was cooled to room temperature, basified to pH 12 using 40% NaOH, and extracted with DCM (3×500 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to produce the crude title intermediate as a viscous brown oil (52 g).

To a solution of the crude intermediate in methanol (1000 mL) was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (74.6 g, 0.342 mol) at 0° C. The solution was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. The methanol was removed under reduced pressure and the resulting oil was dissolved in dichloromethane (1000 mL). The intermediate was extracted into 1 M H₃PO₄ (1000 mL) and washed with dichloromethane (3×250 mL) The aqueous layer was basified to pH 12 using aqueous NaOH, and extracted with dichloromethane (3×500 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to produce the title intermediate as a viscous, light brown oil. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 7.5-7.2 (m, 5H, C₆H₅), 3.7 (s, 2H, CH₂Ph), 3.45 (broad s, 2H, CH—NBn), 2.7-2.6 (dd, 2H, CH₂CO), 2.2-2.1 (dd, 2H, CH₂CO), 2.1-2.0 (m, 2H, CH₂CH₂), 1.6 (m, 2H, CH₂CH₂). (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₄H₁₇NO 216.14; found, 216.0.

b. Preparation of 3-oxo-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a solution of 8-benzyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one (75 g, 0.348 mol) in EtOAc (300 mL) was added a solution of di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (83.6 g, 0.383 mol, 1.1 eq) in EtOAc (300 mL). The resulting solution and rinse (100 mL EtOAc) was added to a 1 L Parr hydrogenation vessel containing 23 g of palladium hydroxide (20 wt. % Pd, dry basis, on carbon, ˜50% wet with water; e.g. Pearlman's catalyst) under a stream of nitrogen. The reaction vessel was degassed (alternating vacuum and N₂ five times) and pressurized to 60 psi of H₂ gas. The reaction solution was agitated for two days and recharged with H₂ as needed to keep the H₂ pressure at 60 psi until the reaction was complete as monitored by silica thin layer chromatography. The black solution was then filtered through a pad of Celite® and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the title intermediate quantitatively as a viscous, yellow to orange oil. It was used in the next step without further treatment. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃)

(ppm) 4.5 (broad, 2H, CH—NBoc), 2.7 (broad, 2H, CH₂CO), 2.4-2.3 (dd, 2H, CH₂C₁H₂), 2.1 (broad m, 2H, CH₂CO), 1.7-1.6 (dd, 2H, CH₂CH₂), 1.5 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃COCON)).

c. Preparation of (1S,3R,5R)-3-amino-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a solution of the product of the previous step (75.4 g, 0.335 mol) in methanol (1 L) was added ammonium formate (422.5 g, 6.7 mol), water (115 mL) and 65 g of palladium on activated carbon (10% on dry basis, ˜50% wet with water; Degussa type E101NE/W) under a stream of N₂ while stirring via mechanical stirrer. After 24 and 48 hours, additional portions of ammonium formate (132 g, 2.1 mol) were added each time. Once reaction progression ceased, as monitored by anal. HPLC, Celite® (>500 g) was added and the resulting thick suspension was filtered and then the collected solid was rinsed with methanol (˜500 mL). The filtrates were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure until all methanol had been removed. The resulting cloudy, biphasic solution was then diluted with 1M phosphoric acid to a final volume of 1.5 to 2.0 L at pH 2 and washed with dichloromethane (3×700 mL). The aqueous layer was basified to pH 12 using 40% aq. NaOH, and extracted with dichloromethane (3×700 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated by rotary evaporation, then high-vacuum leaving 52 g (70%) of the title intermediate, commonly N-Boc-endo-3-aminotropane, as a white to pale yellow solid. The isomer ratio of endo to. exo amine of the product was >99 based on ¹H-NMR analysis (>96% purity by analytical HPLC). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 4.2-4.0 (broad d, 2H, CHNBoc), 3.25 (t, 1H, CHNH₂), 2.1-2.05 (m, 4H), 1.9 (m, 2H), 1.4 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃OCON), 1.2-1.1 (broad, 2H). (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₂H₂₂N₂O₂) 227.18; found, 227.2. Analytical HPLC (isocratic method; 2:98 (A:B) to 90:10 (A:B) over 5 min): retention time=3.68 min.

Preparation 2 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid

First, acetone (228.2 mL, 3.11 mol) was added to a stirred suspension of 2-aminophenylmethanol (255.2 g, 2.07 mol) and acetic acid (3.56 mL, 62 mmol) in water (2 L) at room temperature. After 4 h, the suspension was cooled to 0° C. and stirred for an additional 2.5 h and then filtered. The solid was collected and washed with water and the wet solid cooled and dried by lyophilisation to yield 2,2,-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,3]oxazine (332.2 g, 98%) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃; 300 MHz): 1.48 (s, 6H, C(CH ₃)₂), 4.00 (bs, 1H, NH), 4.86 (s, 2H, CH ₂), 6.66 (d, 1H, ArH), 6.81 (t, 1H, ArH), 6.96 (d, 1H, ArH), 7.10 (t, 1H, ArH).

A solution of 2,2,-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,3]oxazine (125 g, 0.77 mol) in THF (1 L) was filtered through a scintillation funnel and then added dropwise via an addition funnel, over a period of 2.5 h, to a stirred solution of 1.0 M LiAlH₄ in THF (800 mL) at 0° C. The reaction was quenched by slow portionwise addition of Na₂SO₄.10H₂O (110 g), over a period of 1.5 h, at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight, filtered and the solid salts were washed thoroughly with THF. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 2-isopropylaminophenylmethanol (120 g, 95%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃; 300 MHz): 1.24 (d, 6H, CH(CH ₃)₂), 3.15 (bs, 1H, OH), 3.61 (sept, 1H, CH(CH₃)₂), 4.57 (s, 2H, CH ₂), 6.59 (t, 1H, ArH), 6.65 (d, 1H, ArH), 6.99 (d, 1H, ArH), 7.15 (t, 1H, ArH).

Manganese dioxide (85% 182.6 g, 1.79 mol) was added to a stirred solution of 2-isopropylaminophenylmethanol (118 g, 0.71 mol) in toluene (800 mL) and the reaction mixture was heated to 117° C. for 4 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature overnight and then filtered through a pad of Celite which was eluted with toluene. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 2-isopropylaminobenzaldehyde (105 g, 90%) as an orange oil. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃; 300 MHz): 1.28 (d, 6H, CH(CH ₃)₂), 3.76 (sept, 1H, CH(CH₃)₂), 6.65 (t, 1H, ArH, 6.69 (d, 1H, ArH), 7.37 (d, 1H, ArH, 7.44 (t, 1H, ArH, 9.79 (s, 1H, CHO).

2,2-Dimethyl-[1,3]dioxane-4,6-dione, commonly Meldrum's acid, (166.9 g, 1.16 mol) was added to a stirred solution of 2-isopropylaminobenzaldehyde (105 g, 0.64 mol), acetic acid (73.6 mL, 1.29 mol) and ethylenediamine (43.0 mL, 0.64 mol) in methanol (1 L) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0° C. and then at room temperature overnight. The resulting suspension was filtered and the solid washed with methanol and collected to yield the title intermediate, 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (146 g, 98%) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃; 300 MHz): 1.72 (d, 6H, CH(CH ₃)₂), 5.50 (bs, 1H, CH(CH₃)₂), 7.44 (t, 1H, ArH), 7.75-7.77 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.82 (d, 1H, ArH), 8.89 (s, 1H, CH).

Preparation 3 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide a. Preparation of (1S,3R,5R)-3-[1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)amino]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

Thionyl chloride (36.6 mL, 0.52 mol) was added to a stirred suspension of 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (80 g, 0.35 mol) in toluene (600 mL) at 85° C. and the reaction mixture then heated to 95° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then added over 25 min to a vigorously stirred biphasic solution of (1S,3R,5R)-3-amino-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (78.2 g, 0.35 mol) and sodium hydroxide (69.2 g, 1.73 mol) in toluene/water (1:1) (1 L) at ° C. After 1 h, the layers were allowed to separate and the organic phase concentrated under reduced pressure. The aqueous phase was washed with EtOAc (1 L) and then (500 mL) and the combined organic extracts used to dissolve the concentrated organic residue. This solution was washed with 1M H₃PO₄ (500 mL), sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (500 mL) and brine (500 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the title intermediate (127.9 g, approx. 84%) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 1.47 (s, 9H), 1.67 (d, 6H), 1.78-1.84 (m, 2H), 2.04-2.18 (m, 6H), 4.20-4.39 (m, 3H), 5.65 (bs, 1H), 7.26 (dd. 1H), 7.63 (m, 2H), 7.75 (dd, 1H), 8.83 (s, 1H), 10.63 (d, 1H).

b. Preparation of 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide

TFA (300 mL) was added to a stirred solution of the product of the previous step (127.9 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (600 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The oily brown residue was then poured into a vigorously stirred solution of ether (3 L) and a solid precipitate formed immediately. The suspension was stirred overnight and then the solid collected by filtration and washed with ether to yield the title intermediate as its trifluoroacetic acid salt (131.7 g, 86% over two steps) as a light yellow solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 1.68 (d, 6H), 2.10 (d, 2H), 2.33-2.39 (m, 4H), 2.44-2.61 (m, 2H), 4.08 (bs, 2H), 4.41 (m, 1H), 5.57 (bs, 1H), 7.31 (m. 1H), 7.66 (m, 2H), 7.77 (d, 1H), 8.83 (s, 1H), 9.38 (bd, 2H), 10.78 (d, 1H).

Preparation 4 3-hydroxy-3′-{[1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}spiro[azetidine-1,8′-(1S,3R,5R)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane

2-Bromomethyloxirane (10.72 mL, 129.5 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide trifluoroacetic acid salt (14.65 g, 43.2 mmol) in ethanol (150 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 36 h, at which time a solid precipitate formed. The solid was collected by filtration and washed with ethanol (70 mL) to yield the title intermediate as the bromide salt (8.4 g). (m/z): [M]⁺ calcd for C₂₃H₃₀N₃O₃ 396.23; found, 396.5. Retention time (anal. HPLC: 2-50% MeCN/H₂O over 5 min)=4.13 min.

Preparation 5 3-methoxy-3′-{[1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}spiro[azetidine-1,8′-(1S,3R,5R)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane

Potassium-tert-butoxide (1.63 g, 14.5 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of 3-hydroxy-3′-{[1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}spiro-[azetidine-1,8′-(1S,3R,5R)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane bromide (3.45 g, 7.25 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 mL) at room temperature. After 2 min, methyl iodide (0.477 mL, 7.61 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture. After 30 min, water (2 mL) was added to quench the reaction and the reaction mixture concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in a minimal volume of acetic acid/water (1:1) and purified by preparative HPLC to yield the title intermediate as a trifluoroacetic acid salt (2.1 g). (m/z): [M]⁺ calcd for C₂₄H₃₂N₃O₃, 410.24; found 410.5. Retention time (anal. HPLC: 2-50% MeCN/H₂O over 5 min)=4.36 min.

Preparation 6 3-(methylaminocarbonyloxy)-3′-{[1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl-carbonyl]amino}spiro[azetidine-1,8′-(1S,3R,5R)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane]

Methyl isocyanate dissolved in 2.0 mL of DMF (125 mg/mL, 4.2 mmol) was added to a solution of 3-hydroxy-3′-{[1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl-carbonyl]amino}spiro[azetidine-1,8′-(1S,3R,5R)-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane] (2.0 g, 4.2 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.73 mL, 4.2 mmol) in DMF (40 mL). A catalytic amount of potassium tert-butoxide (1% by weight) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h. An additional 4.2 mmol of methyl isocyanate and N,N-diisopropylethylamine were added and the reaction went to completion after stirring for an additional. 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the resultant solid was used as a crude product (2.1 g). (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₅H₃₃N₄O₄, 453.25; found 453.2. Retention time (anal. HPLC: 10-70% MeCN/H₂O over 6 min)=2.38 min. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD): δ (ppm) 1.62 (d, 6H), 2.16 (m, 2H), 2.00 (br d, 3H), 2.40-2.57 (m, 6H), 4.09 (br s, 1H), 4.17 (br s, 1H), 4.26 (q, 1H), 4.53 (br s, 1H), 5.22 (br s, 1H), 7.00 (br m, 1H), 7.25 (t, 1H), 7.69 (m, 1H), 7.80 (m, 2H), 8.69 (s, 1H), 10.90 (d, 1H).

Example 1 Synthesis of 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[2-hydroxy-3-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide

Piperazine N-methylsulfonamide/trifluoroacetic acid salt (1.23 g, 4.41 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide/trifluoroacetic acid salt (2.00 g, 4.41 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (3.46 mL, 19.85 mmol) in methanol (50 mL). 1,3-Dibromopropanol (0.45 mL, 4.41 mmol) was subsequently added and the reaction mixture was heated to 75° C. for 16 h, at which point a further amount of piperazine sulfonamide/TFA (798 mg, 2.87 mmol) and 1,3-dibromopropanol (0.29 mL, 2.87 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture heated at 75° C. for a further 2 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, diluted with 50% aqueous acetic acid (8 mL) and purified by preparative HPLC (5-32% gradient) to afford the title compound (770 mg) as a white solid. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₄₁N₅O₅S 560.29; found, 560.2. Retention time (anal. HPLC: 2-40% MeCN/H₂O over 6 min)=4.05 min. ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ (ppm) 1.62 (d, 6H), 2.16 (m, 2H), 2.40-2.57 (m, 6H), 2.89 (s, 3H), 3.16 (m, 4H), 3.38 (br s, 4H), 3.51 (br s, 4H), 4.09 (br s, 1H), 4.17 (br s, 1H), 4.26 (q, 1H), 4.53 (br s, 1H), 5.45 (br s, 1H), 7.31 (t, 1H), 7.69 (m, 1H), 7.80 (m, 2H), 8.74 (s, 1H), 11.00 (d, 1H).

Example 2 Synthesis of 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid ((1S,3R,5R)-8-{2-hydroxy-3-[4-(propane-2-sulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl]-propyl}-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl)amide

Following the procedure of Example 1 with the substitution of piperazine N-isopropylsulfonamide for piperazine N-methylsulfonamide, the title compound was prepared. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₅S, 588.32; found 588.4. Retention time (anal. HPLC: 5-75% MeCN/H₂O over 6 min)=2.16 min. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD): δ (ppm) 1.22 (d, 6H), 1.62 (d, 6H), 2.16 (m, 2H), 2.40-2.57 (m, 6H), 3.08 (m, 2H), 3.38 (br s, 4H), 3.51 (br s, 4H), 4.09 (br s, 1H), 4.17 (br s, 1H), 4.26 (q, 1H), 4.41 (br s, 1H), 7.31 (t, 1H), 7.69 (m, 1H), 7.80 (m, 2H).

Example 3 Alternative synthesis of 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid ((1S,3R,5R)-8-{2-hydroxy-3-[4-(propane-2-sulfonyl)-piperazin-1-yl]propyl}-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl)amide

Piperazine N-isopropylsulfonamide trifluoroacetic acid salt (128 mg, 0.42 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of 3-hydroxy-3′-{[1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl-carbonyl]amino}spiro[azetidine-1,8′-(1S,3R,5R)-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane] (100 mg, 0.21 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.11 mL, 0.63 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken in a heating block at 100° C. for 3 h. It was then concentrated under vacuum, diluted with 50% aqueous acetic acid (7.5 mL) and purified by preparative HPLC (2-40% gradient) to afford the title compound (93 mg) as a white solid.

Example 4 Synthesis of 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[3-(1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-thiomorpholin-4-yl)-2-hydroxypropyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide

Following the procedure of Example 3 with the substitution of thiomorpholine-1,1-dioxide for piperazine N-isopropylsulfonamide, the title compound was prepared. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₇H₃₈N₄O₅S, 531.27; found 531.3. Retention time (anal. HPLC: 2-50% MeCN/H₂O over 6 min)=3.60 min.

Example 5 Synthesis of 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[3-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methoxypropyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide

N-Acetylpiperazine (0.16 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of 3-methoxy-3′-{[1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl-carbonyl]amino}spiro[azetidine-1,8′-(1S,3R,5R)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane] (42 mg, 0.08 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethyl-amine (0.056 mL, 0.32 mmol) in ethanol (1 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken in a heating block at 80° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum, diluted with 50% aqueous acetic acid (1.5 mL) and purified by preparative HPLC (5-32% gradient) to afford the title compound. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₄, 538.34; found, 538.4. Retention time (anal. HPLC: 5-65% MeCN/H₂O over 4 min)=2.12 min.

Example 6 Synthesis of 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[3-(4-methanesulfonylmethanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methoxypropyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide

Following the procedure of Example 5 with the substitution of piperazine N-(1-methylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide for N-acetylpiperazine, the title compound was prepared. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₇S₂, 652.29; found, 652.2. Retention time (anal. HPLC: 5-65% MeCN/H₂O over 4 min)=2.31 min.

Example 7 Synthesis of 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[3-(1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-thiomorpholin-4-yl)-2-methoxypropyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide

Following the procedure of Example 5 with the substitution of thiomorpholine-1,1-dioxide for N-acetylpiperazine, the title compound was prepared. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₄₀N₄O₅S, 545.28; found 545.2. Retention time (anal. HPLC: 5-65% MeCN/H₂O over 4 min)=2.53 min.

Example 8 Synthesis of 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[(S)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide a. Preparation of (S)-1-chloro-3-(4-methylsulfonyl-1-piperazinyl)-2-propanol

(S)-Epichlorohydrin (48.0 mL, 0.612 mol) was added to a stirred solution of piperazine N-methylsulfonamide (87.3 g, 0.532 mol) in ethanol (1.33 L) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h and the white solid precipitate which formed was collected by filtration and washed with ethanol to afford (S)-1-chloro-3-(4-methylsulfonyl-1-piperazinyl)-2-propanol (107.76 g) as a white solid which was used without further purification. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₈H₁₇ClN₂O₃S, 257.07; found, 257.2. ¹H-NMR (DMSO): δ (ppm) 2.37 (dd, 1H), 2.45 (dd, 1H), 2.50-2.58 (m, 4H), 2.86 (s, 3H), 3.09 (m, 4H), 3.55 (dd, 1H), 3.65 (dd, 1H), 3.84 (m, 1H), 5.09 (d, 1H).

b. Preparation of (S)-1-methylsulfonyl-4-(oxiranylmethyl)piperazine

Sodium hydroxide (22.15 g, 0.534 mol) was added to a vigorously stirred solution of the product of the previous step (118.13 g, 0.461 mol) in 80% THF in water (1500 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 90 min and the layers were separated. The organic layer was concentrated under vacuum and diluted with dichloromethane (1500 mL) and washed with a mixture of the previously separated aqueous layer and 1M NaOH (500 mL). The organic layer was further washed with 1M NaOH (500 mL) and brine (500 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under vacuum to yield the title intermediate (90.8 g) as a white crystalline solid. The product was recrystallised from hot 1:1 mixture of EtOAc and hexane (800 mL) to yield 43.33 g of pure epoxide. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₈H₁₆N₂O₃S, 221.10; found 221.3. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ (ppm) 2.22 (dd, 1H), 2.45-2.60 (m, 5H), 2.69-2.75 (m, 2H), 2.87 (s, 3H), 3.02 (m, 1H), 3.11 (m, 4H).

c. Synthesis of 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[(S)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide

A suspension of(S)-1-methylsulfonyl-4-(oxiranylmethyl)piperazine (69.4 g, 0.316 mol) in ethanol (980 mL) was added to 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide (100 g, 0.295 mol) and the reaction mixture heated at 80° C. for 18.5 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and concentrated under vacuum. The foamy solid was suspended in a mixture of acetonitrile and water (860 mL/940 mL), heated, and sonicated until it became homogenous. The solution was filtered while hot and the filtrate was allowed to cool to 5° C. Crystals were formed and collected by filtration to yield the title compound (122 g) as a white crystalline solid. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₄₁N₅O₅S, 560.29; found 560.5. Retention time (anal. HPLC: 2-40% MeCN/H₂O over 6 min)=4.05 min. ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 1.68 (d, 6H, CH(CH ₃)₂), 1.73-1.76 (br d, 2H), 2.10 (br s, 4H, 2×CHCH ₂), 2.28 (m, 2H), 2.36 (dd, 1H), 2.42 (dd, 1H), 2.47-2.53 (m, 2H), 2.65 (m, 4H), 2.85 (s, 3H, SO₂CH ₃), 3.24 (t, 4H, 2×CH ₂SO₂CH₃), 3.29 (br s, 1H, CHN), 3.36 (br s, 1H, CHN), 3.86 (m, 1H, CHNH), 4.19 (t, 1H, CHOH), 5.50 (br s, 1H, CH(CH₃)₂), 7.34 (t, 1H, ArH), 7.72 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.83 (m, 2H, 2×ArH), 8.76 (s, 1H, C═CH). ¹³C-NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 19.8 (q, CH(CH₃)₂), 26.7, 26.8 (two t), 34.3 (q, SO₂ CH₃), 37.2 (t), 42.5 (d), 46.9 (t), 54.3 (t), 58.3 (t), 60.2, 60.9 (two d), 63.6 (t), 68.5 (d), 116.5 (d, CH(CH₃)₂), 121.7, 122.4 (two s), 124.1, 132.4, 133.9 (three d), 141.4 (s), 144.7 (d), 164.0, 164.4 (two s, 2×C═O).

Example 9 Synthesis of 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[(R)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide a. Preparation of (R)-1-chloro-3-(4-methylsulfonyl-1-piperazinyl)-2-propanol

(R)-Epichlorohydrin (3.10 mL, 39.5 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of piperazine sulfonamide trifluoroacetic acid (10.0 g, 35.9 mmol) and N,N-diisopropyl-ethylamine (6.26 mL, 35.9 mmol) in ethanol (150 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h and a further amount of (R)-epichlorohydrin was added (0.28 mL, 3.6 mmoL) and stirred for an additional 3 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the white solid was suspended in ethanol (150 mL) and stirred for 2 days. The solid was collected by filtration and washed with cold ethanol to yield (R)-1-chloro-3-(4-methylsulfonyl-1-piperazinyl)-2-propanol (5.69 g) as a white solid which was used without further purification. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₈H₁₇ClN₂O₃S, 257.07; found 257.2. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ (ppm) 2.37 (dd, 1H), 2.45 (dd, 1H), 2.50-2.58 (m, 4H), 2.86 (s, 3H), 3.09 (m, 4H), 3.55 (dd, 1H), 3.65 (dd, 1H), 3.84 (m, 1H), 5.09 (d, 1H).

b. Preparation of (R)-1-methylsulfonyl-4-(oxiranylmethyl)piperazine

Sodium hydroxide (1.07 g, 26.7 mmol) was added to a vigorously stirred solution of the product of the previous step (5.69 g, 22.2 mmol) in a mixture of 80% THF in water (180 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 35 min, concentrated under vacuum to approximately 50 mL by volume and diluted with chloroform (200 mL) and washed with 1M NaOH (2×70 mL) and brine (70 mL). The organic layer was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under vacuum to yield the title intermediate (4.35 g) as a white crystalline solid. The product was recrystallised from hot EtOAc/hexane (1:1; 800 mL) to yield pure epoxide (2.62 g). (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₈H₁₆N₂O₃S, 221.10; found, 221.3. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ (ppm) 2.22 (dd, 1H), 2.45-2.60 (m, 5H), 2.69-2.75 (m, 2H), 2.87 (s, 3H), 3.02 (m, 1H), 3.11 (m, 4H).

c. Synthesis of 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[(R)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide

1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide (1.49 g, 4.38 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of (R)-1-methylsulfonyl-4-(oxiranylmethyl)piperazine (964 mg, 4.38 mmol) in toluene (20 mL) and the reaction mixture heated at 98° C. for 15 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, concentrated under vacuum, diluted with 50% aqueous acetic acid (12 mL) and purified by preparative HPLC (5-30% gradient) to afford the title compound (492 mg) as a white solid. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₄₁N₅O₅S, 560.29; found, 560.2. Retention time (anal. HPLC: 2-40% MeCN/H₂O over 6 min)=4.05 min. ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ (ppm) 1.62 (d, 6H), 2.16 (m, 2H), 2.40-2.57 (m, 6H), 2.89 (s, 3H), 3.16 (m, 4H), 3.38 (br s, 4H), 3.51 (br s, 4H), 4.09 (br s, 1H), 4.17 (br s, 1H), 4.26 (q, 1H), 4.53 (br s, 1H), 5.45 (br s, 1H), 7.31 (t, 1H), 7.69 (m, 1H), 7.80 (m, 2H), 8.74 (s, 1H), 11.00 (d, 1H).

Example 10 Synthesis of methyl-carbamic acid 2-{(1S,3R,5R)-3-[(1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)amino]-8-azabicyclo-[3.2.1]oct-8-yl}-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)ethyl ester

Piperazine N-methylsulfonamide trifluoroacetic acid salt (0.20 mmol) was added to a solution of 3-(methylaminocarbonyloxy)-3′-{[1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl-carbonyl]amino}spiro[azetidine-1,8′-(1S,3R,5R)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane] (45.4 mg, 0.10 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.087 mL, 0.50 mmol) in DMF (1 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken in a heating block at 85° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum, diluted with 50% aqueous acetic acid (7.5 mL) and purified by preparative HPLC (2-50% gradient) to afford the title compound (24 mg) as a white solid. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₀H₄₄N₆O₆S, 617.31; found 617.2. Retention time (anal. HPLC: 2-50% MeCN/H₂O over 6 min)=3.82 min.

Example 11 Synthesis of methyl-carbamic acid 1-(4-dimethylcarbamoyl-piperazin-1-ylmethyl)-2-{(1S,3R,5R)-3-[(1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinoline-3-carbonyl)amino]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl}ethyl ester

Following the procedure of Example 10 with the substitution of 1-(dimethylcarbamoyl)piperazine for piperazine N-methylsulfonamide, the title compound was prepared. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₂H₄₇N₇O₅, 610.37; found 610.4. Retention time (anal. HPLC: 2-65% MeCN/H₂O over 4 min)=2.67 min.

Example 12 Synthesis of methyl-carbamic acid 1-[3-(acetylmethylamino)-pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl]-2-{(1S,3R,5R)-3-[(1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinoline-3-carbonyl)amino]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl}ethyl ester

Following the procedure of Example 10 with the substitution of 3-(N-acetyl-N-methylamino)pyrrolidine for piperazine N-methylsulfonamide, the title compound was prepared. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₂H₄₆N₆O₅, 595.36; found 595.4. Retention time (anal. HPLC: 5-65% MeCN/H₂O over 4 min)=2.63 min.

Example 13 Synthesis of methyl-carbamic acid 1-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-2-{(1S,3R,5R))-3-[(1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)amino]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl}ethyl ester

Following the procedure of Example 10 with the substitution of N-acetylpiperazine for piperazine N-methylsulfonamide, the title compound was prepared. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₁H₄₄N₆O₅, 581.35; found 581.2. Retention time (anal. HPLC: 5-65% MeCN/H₂O over 4 min)=2.20 min.

Example 14 Synthesis of methyl-carbamic acid (R)-2-{(1S,3R,5R)₃-[(1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)amino]-8-azabicyclo-[3.2.1]oct-8-yl}-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)ethyl ester

Methyl isocyanate (41 mg, 7.1 mmol) was added to a solution of 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[(R)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide (Example 9) (400 mg, 0.71 mmol) in toluene (10 mL). The reaction mixture was capped and shaken in a heating block at 110° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum, diluted with 50% aqueous acetic acid (7.5 mL) and purified by preparative HPLC (5-10-40% gradient) to afford the title compound (110 mg) as a white solid. (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₀H₄₄N₆O₆S, 617.31; found 617.4. Retention time (anal. HPLC: 10-70% MeCN/H₂O over 6 min)=2.40 min.

Example 15 Compounds of the Invention

Using the procedures of Examples 1-14 and variations thereof, the compounds of Tables I to XXVIII were prepared and characterized by mass spectrometry. In tables containing compounds prepared as pure stereoisomers, the chirality at the carbon atom marked with an asterisk is indicated in the column headed by an asterisk. In the compounds of Tables I to XXVIII, the quinolinone-carboxamide group is in the endo configuration with respect to the azabicyclooctane group.

TABLE I

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ R⁹ Formula calcd found 1 H OH H 2-furanyl C₃₂H₄₅N₅O₅ 580.35 580.3 2 H OH H CH₃ C₂₉H₄₁N₅O₄ 524.33 524.4 3 H OH CH₃ CH₃ C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₄ 538.34 538.4 4 H OCH₃ H CH₃ C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₄ 538.34 538.4 5 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H 2-furanyl C₃₅H₅₀N₆O₆ 651.39 651.4 6 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H CH₃ C₃₂H₄₆N₆O₅ 595.36 595.4 7 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H CH₃ C₃₁H₄₄N₆O₅ 581.35 581.2 8 CH₃ OH H 2-furanyl C₃₃H₄₇N₅O₅ 594.37 594.4 9 CH₃ OH H CH₃ C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₄ 538.34 538.4 10 F OH H CH₃ C₂₉H₄FN₅O₄ 542.32 542.2 11 F OH H 2-furanyl C₃₂H₄₄FN₅O₅ 598.34 598.4

TABLE II

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ R¹⁰ * Formula calcd found 1 H OH H CH₃ C₂₈H₄₁N₅O₅S 560.29 560.2 2 H OH H C₂H₅ C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₅S 574.31 574.2 3 H OH H CH₂cyclolohexyl C₃₄H₅₁N₅O₅S 642.37 642.4 4 H OH H CH(CH₃)₂ C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₅S 588.32 588.4 5 H OCH₃ H CH₃ C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₅S 574.31 574.5 6 H OH H CH₂SO₂CH₃ C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₇S₂ 638.27 638.2 7 H OH H CH₃ R C₂₈H₄₁N₅O₅S 560.29 560.5 8 H OH H CH₃ S C₂₈H₄₁N₅O₅S 560.29 560.5 9 Br OH H CH₃ S C₂₈H₄₀BrN₅O₅S 638.20 638.0 10 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ CH₃ CH₃ C₃₁H₄₆N₆O₆S 631.33 631.2 11 H OCH₃ H CH₂SO₂CH₃ C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₇S₂ 652.29 652.2 12 H OH H CH₂CF₃ C₂₉H₄₀F₃N₅O₅S 628.28 628.2 13 H OC(O)NHCH₃ H CH₃ C₃₀H₄₄N₆O₆S 617.31 617.2 14 H OC(O)NHCH₃ H CH₃ S C₃₀H₄₄N₆O₆S 617.31 617.4 15 H OC(O)NHCH₃ H CH₃ R C₃₀H₄₄N₆O₆S 617.31 617.4 16 CH₃ OH H CH₃ C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₅S 574.31 574.4 17 F OH H CH₃ C₂₈H₄₀FN₅O₅S 578.28 578.2 18 H CH₂OH H CH₃ C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₅S 574.31 574.5

TABLE III

[M + Molecular [M + H]⁺ H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ Formula calcd found 1 H OH H C₂₇H₃₈N₄O₅S 531.27 531.3 2 H OCH₃ H C₂₈H₄₀N₄O₅S 545.28 545.2 3 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₆S 602.30 602.2 4 H OC(O)NHCH₃ H C₃₂H₄₆N₆O₅ 595.36 595.4 5 CH₃ OH H C₂₈H₄₀N₄O₅S 545.28 545.2 6 F OCH₃ H C₂₇H₃₇FN₄O₅S 549.26 549.2 7 H CH₂OH H C₂₈H₄₀N₄O₅S 545.28 545.3

TABLE IV

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ R¹² Formula calcd found 1 H OH H C₂H₅ C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₅ 554.34 554.3 2 H OH H CH₃ C₂₉H₄₁N₅O₅ 540.32 540.4 3 H OH CH₃ CH₃ C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₅ 554.34 554.2 4 H OCH₃ H CH₃ C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₅ 554.34 554.2 5 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H CH₃ C₃₂H₄₆N₆O₆ 611.36 611.4 6 H OC(O)NHCH₃ H CH₃ C₃₁H₄₄N₆O₆ 597.34 597.2

TABLE V

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ R¹³ R¹⁴ Formula calcd found 1 H OH H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₀H₄₄N₆O₄ 553.35 553.2 2 H OCH₃ H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₁H₄₆N₆O₄ 567.37 567.4 3 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₃H₄₉N₇O₅ 624.39 624.4 4 H OC(O)NHCH₃ H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₂H₄₇N₇O₅ 610.37 610.4 5 H OC(O)NHCH₃ H CH₃ H C₃₁H₄₅N₇O₅ 596.36 596.2 6 H OH H H H C₂₈H₄₀N₆O₄ 525.32 525.2 7 H OH H CH₃ H C₂₉H₄₂N₆O₄ 539.34 539.2 8 CH₃ OH H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₁H₄₆N₆O₄ 567.37 567.4 9 F OH H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₀H₄₃FN₆O₄ 571.34 571.4 10 F OH H CH₃ H C₂₉H₄₁FN₆O₄ 557.31 557.2

TABLE VI

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ R¹³ R¹⁴ Formula calcd found 1 H OH H CH₃ CH₃ C₂₉H₄₄N₆O₅S 589.32 589.4 2 H OCH₃ H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₀H₄₆N₆O₅S 603.34 603.4 3 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₂H₄₉N₇O₆S 660.36 660.2 4 H OC(O)NHCH₃ H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₁H₄₇N₇O₆S 646.34 646.4 5 CH₃ OH H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₀H₄₆N₆O₅S 603.34 603.4 6 F OCH₃ H CH₃ CH₃ C₂₉H₄₃FN₆O₅S 607.31 607.2

TABLE VII

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ R⁸ R⁹ * Formula calcd found 1 H OH H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₄ 538.34 538.3 2 H OH H H CH₃ R C₂₉H₄₀N₅O₄ 524.33 524.4 3 H OH H C₂H₅ CH₃ C₃₁H₄₅N₅O₄ 552.36 552.4 4 H OCH₃ H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₁H₄₅N₅O₄ 552.36 552.3 5 H OH H H CF₃ R C₂₉H₃₈F₃N₅O₄ 578.30 578.2 6 H OH H H CF₃ C₂₉H₃₈F₃N₅O₄ 578.30 578.2 7 H OH H H CH₃ C₂₉H₄₁N₅O₄ 524.33 524.4 8 H OH CH₃ C₂H₅ CH₃ C₃₂H₄₇N₅O₄ 566.37 566.4 9 H OH H H CH(OH)CH₃ C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₅ 554.34 554.4 10 H OCH₃ H H CF₃ S C₃₀H₄₀F₃N₅O₄ 592.31 592.2 11 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H C₂H₅ CH₃ C₃₄H₅₀N₆O₅ 623.39 623.4 12 H OC(O)NHCH₃ H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₂H₄₆N₆O₅ 595.36 595.4 13 CH₃ OH H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₁H₄₅N₅O₄ 552.36 552.4 14 CH₃ OH H H CH₃ C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₄ 538.34 538.4 15 F OH H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₀H₄₂FN₅O₄ 556.33 556.2

TABLE VIII

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ R^(6a) R⁸ R¹⁰ * Formula calcd found 1 H OH H H H CH₃ R C₂₈H₄₁N₅O₅S 560.29 560.2 2 H OH H H H C₂H₅ R C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₅S 574.31 574.3 3 H OH H H H CH(CH₃)₂ R C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₅S 588.32 588.2 4 H OH H H H CH₂SO₂CH₃ R C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₇S₂ 638.27 638.2 5 H OH H H H CH₂cyclohexyl R C₃₄H₅₁N₅O₅S 642.37 642.3 6 H OH H H CH₃ CH₃ C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₅S 574.31 574.2 7 H OH H H H CH₃ C₂₈H₄₁N₅O₅S 560.29 560.2 8 H OCH₃ H H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₅S 588.32 588.4 9 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₂H₄₈N₆O₆S 645.35 645.4 10 H OH H (S)- CH₃ CH₃ S C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₆S 590.30 590.2 OH

TABLE IX

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ R^(6a), R^(7a) R¹³ R¹⁴ * Formula calcd found 1 H OH H H, H H H R C₂₈H₃₉N₅O₄ 510.31 510.3 2 H OH H H, H CH₃ CH₃ S C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₄ 538.34 538.3 3 H OH H F, F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ S C₃₂H₄₅F₂N₅O₄ 602.35 602.4 4 H OH H H, H H H S C₂₈H₃₉N₅O₄ 510.31 510.4 5 H OCH₃ H H, H H H R C₂₉H₄₁N₅O₄ 524.33 524.5 6 H OH CH₃ H, H H H R C₂₉H₄₁N₅O₄ 524.33 524.4 7 H OH CH₃ H, H CH₃ CH₃ R C₃₁H₄₅N₅O₄ 552.36 552.4 8 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H H, H H H R C₃₁H₄₄N₆O₅ 581.35 581.4 9 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H H, H CH₃ CH₃ S C₃₃H₄₈N₆O₅ 609.38 609.4 10 H OC(O)NHCH₃ H H, H CH₃ CH₃ R C₃₂H₄₆N₆O₅ 595.36 595.4 11 CH₃ OH H H, H H H S C₂₉H₄₁N₅O₄ 524.33 524.4 12 CH₃ OH H H, H H H R C₂₉H₄₁N₅O₄ 524.33 524.4 13 F OH H H, H H H R C₂₈H₃₈FN₅O₄ 528.30 528.2 14 F OH H H, H H H S C₂₈H₃₈FN₅O₄ 528.30 528.2

TABLE X

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R^(6a) X * Formula calcd found 1 H OH H NHC(O)OCH₃ C₂₉H₄₁N₅O₅ 540.32 540.4 2 H OH H N(CH₃)C(O)OCH₃ C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₅ 554.34 554.2 3 H OH (S) OH N(CH₃)C(O)OCH₃ S C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₆ 570.33 570.4 4 H OH H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₅ 554.34 554.2 5 F OH H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₀H₄₂FN₅O₅ 572.33 572.2 6 H OH H NHSO₂N(CH₃)₂ R C₂₉H₄₄N₆O₅S 589.32 589.3 7 H OH H N(CH₃)SO₂N(CH₃)₂ C₃₀H₄₆N₆O₅S 603.34 603.2 8 H OH H NHSO₂N(CH₃)₂ C₂₉H₄₄N₆O₅S 589.32 589.2 9 H OH H NHC(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₀H₄₄N₆O₄ 553.35 553.4 10 H OH H N(CH₃)C(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₀H₄₄N₆O₄ 553.35 553.4 11 H OCH₃ H N(CH₃)C(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₂H₄₈N₆O₄ 581.38 581.4 12 H OH (S) OH N(CH₃)C(O)N(CH₃)₂ S C₃₁H₄₆N₆O₅ 583.36 583.4 13 CH₃ OH H N(CH₃)C(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₂H₄₈N₆O₄ 581.38 581.4 14 F OH H N(CH₃)C(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₁H₄₅FN₆O₄ 585.36 585.4 15 H OH H NH₂ S C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₃ 510.35 510.3 16 H OH H NH₂ R C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₃ 510.35 510.3 17 H OH H 2-pyridinyl C₃₂H₄₁N₅O₃ 544.33 544.4 18 H OH H 1,1-dioxo- C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₅S 586.31 586.3 isothiazolidin-2-yl

TABLE XI

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ R¹⁵ * Formula calcd found 1 H OH H H S C₂₈H₄₀N₄O₄ 497.31 497.3 2 H OH H CH₃ S C₂₉H₄₂N₄O₄ 511.33 511.3 3 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H H S C₃₁H₄₅N₅O₅ 568.35 568.4 4 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H CH₃ S C₃₂H₄₇N₅O₅ 582.37 582.4

TABLE XII

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ X Formula calcd found 1 H OH H NHSO₂CH₃ C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₅S 574.31 574.3 2 H OH H NHSO₂C₂H₅ C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₅S 588.32 588.3 3 H OH H NHSO₂CH₂SO₂CH₃ C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₇S₂ 652.29 652.2 4 H OH H NHC(O)OCH₃ C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₅ 554.34 554.4 5 F OH H NHSO₂N(CH₃)₂ C₃₀H₄₆N₆O₅S 603.34 603.3 6 H OH H NHC(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₁H₄₆N₆O₄ 567.37 567.4 7 H OH H NHSO₂N(CH₃)₂ C₃₁H₄₈N₆O₅S 617.35 617.4

TABLE XIII

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ R^(6a), R^(7a) R¹³ R¹⁴ Formula calcd found 1 H OH H F, F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ C₃₃H₄₇F₂N₅O₄ 616.37 616.4 2 H OH H H, H H H C₂₉H₄₁N₅O₄ 524.33 524.2 3 H OCH₃ H H, H H H C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₄ 538.34 538.4 4 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H H, H C₂H₅ C₂H₅ C₃₆H₅₄N₆O₅ 651.43 651.4 5 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H H, H H H C₃₂H₄₆N₆O₅ 595.36 595.4 6 CH₃ OH H H, H H H C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₄ 538.34 538.4 7 F OH H H, H H H C₂₉H₄₀FN₅O₄ 542.32 542.2 8 H CH₂OH H H, H H H C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₄

TABLE XIV

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ R⁸ R⁹ Formula calcd found 1 H OH H H CH₃ C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₄ 538.34 538.4 2 H OH H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₁H₄₅N₅O₄ 552.36 552.4 3 H OCH₃ H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₂H₄₇N₅O₄ 566.37 566.4 4 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₄H₅₀N₆O₅ 623.39 623.4 5 CH₃ OH H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₂H₄₇N₅O₄ 566.37 566.4 6 F OH H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₁H₄₄FN₅O₄ 570.35 570.4

TABLE XV

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ R⁸ R¹⁰ * Formula calcd found 1 H OH H H CH₃ S C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₅S 574.31 574.2 2 H OH H H C₂H₅ S C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₅S 588.32 588.3 3 H OH H H CH₂SO₂CH₃ S C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₇S₂ 652.29 652.2 4 H OH H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₅S 588.32 588.4 5 H OH H H CH(CH₃)₂ S C₃₁H₄₇N₅O₅S 602.34 602.2 6 CH₃ OH H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₁H₄₇N₅O₅S 602.34 602.4 7 F OH H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₀H₄₄FN₅O₅S 606.31 606.2

TABLE XVI

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ X * Formula calcd found 1 H OH H N(CH₃)SO₂N(CH₃)₂ S C₃₀H₄₆N₆O₅S 603.34 603.3 2 H OH H NHSO₂N(CH₃)₂ C₃₁H₄₈N₆O₅S 617.35 617.4 3 H OH H NHC(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₁H₄₆N₆O₄ 567.37 567.4 4 H OH H N(CH₃)C(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₂H₄₈N₆O₄ 581.38 581.4 5 H OH H NHC(O)OCH₃ C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₅ 554.34 554.4 6 H OH H N(CH₃)C(O)OCH₃ C₃₁H₄₅N₅O₅ 568.35 568.4 7 F OH H N(CH₃)C(O)OCH₃ C₃₁H₄₄FN₅O₅ 586.34 586.4 8 H OH H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₁H₄₅N₅O₅ 568.35 568.4 9 H OCH₃ H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₂H₄₇N₅O₄ 566.37 566.4 10 CH₃ OH H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₂H₄₇N₅O₅ 582.37 582.4

TABLE XVII

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ R^(6a) R⁸ R¹⁰ Formula calcd found 1 H OH H H H CH₃ C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₅S 588.78 588.3 2 H OH H OH H CH₃ C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₆S 604.32 604.2 3 H OH H H CH₃ CH₃ C₃₁H₄₇N₅O₅S 602.34 602.3 4 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H H H CH₃ C₃₃H₅₀N₆O₆S 659.36 659.4 5 H OC(O)NHCH₃ H H H CH₃ C₃₂H₄₈N₆O₆S 645.35 645.4 6 CH₃ OH H H H CH₃ C₃₁H₄₇N₅O₅S 602.34 602.4 7 F OH H H H CH₃ C₃₀H₄₄FN₅O₅S 606.31 606.2

TABLE XVIII

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ X Formula calcd found 1 H OH H OH C₂₈H₄₀N₄O₄ 497.31 497.3 2 H OH H pyrrolidin-1-yl- C₃₂H₄₅N₅O₄ 564.36 564.3 2-one 3 H OH H C(O)NH₂ C₂₉H₄₁N₅O₄ 524.33 524.3 4 H OH H pyrrolidin-1-yl C₃₂H₄₇N₅O₃ 550.38 550.4 5 H OH H N(CH₃)SO₂CH₃ C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₅S 588.32 588.3 6 H OH H NHSO₂CH₃ C₂₈H₄₁N₅O₅S 560.29 560.5 7 H OH H (CH₂)₂OH C₃₀H₄₄N₄O₄ 525.35 525.4 8 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H OH C₃₁H₄₅N₅O₅ 568.35 568.4 9 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H pyrrolidin-1-yl- C₃₅H₅₀N₆O₅ 635.39 635.4 2-one 10 H CH₂OH H OH C₂₉H₄₂N₄O₄ 511.33 511.5 11 H OH₂OH H N(CH₃)SO₂CH₃ C₃₁H₄₇N₅O₅S 602.34 602.8

TABLE XIX

[M + [M + Molecular H]⁺ H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ X′ Formula calcd found 1 H OH H (CH₂)₂OH C₃₀H₄₄N₄O₄ 525.35 525.4 2 H OH H CH₂OH C₂₉H₄₂N₄O₄ 511.33 511.4 3 H OH H C(O)NH₂ C₂₉H₄₁N₅O₄ 524.33 525.2 4 H OC(O)NHCH₃ H C(O)NH₂ C₃₁H₄₄N₆O₅ 581.35 581.4 5 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H CH₂OH C₃₂H₄₇N₅O₅ 582.37 582.4

TABLE XX

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ R¹⁶ Formula calcd found 1 H OH H (CH₂)₂OH C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₄ 526.34 526.3 2 H OH H (CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂OH C₃₁H₄₇N₅O₅ 570.37 570.3 3 H OH H CH₂C(O)-4-morpholinyl C₃₃H₄₈N₆O 609.38 609.4 4 H OH H 4-pyridinyl C₃₂H₄₂N₆O₃ 559.34 559.3 5 H OH H CH₂-4-pyridinyl C₃₃H₄₄H₆O₃ 573.36 573.3 6 H OH H CH₂-2-tetrahydrofuranyl C₃₂H₄₇N₅O₄ 566.37 566.3 7 H OH H (CH₂)₂-4-morpholinyl C₃₃H₅₀N₆O₄ 595.40 595.4 8 H OH H CH₂C(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₁H₄₆N₆O₄ 567.37 567.3 9 H OH H 2-pyridinyl C₃₂H₄₂N₆O₃ 559.34 559.4

TABLE XXI

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ R⁵ X′ * Formula calcd found 1 H OH H CH₃ NSO₂C₂H₅ C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₅S 588.32 588.2 2 H OH H CH₃ NSO₂CH₃ C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₅S 574.31 574.2 3 H OH H CH₃ NC(O)OCH₃ C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₅ 554.34 554.4 4 H OH H CH₃ NC(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₁H₄₆N₆O₄ 567.37 567.6 5 H OCH₃ H CH₃ NC(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₂H₄₈N₆O₄ 581.38 581.4 6 H OH H CH₃ NC(O)CH₃ C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₄ 538.34 538.2 7 H OH H CH₃ NSO₂N(CH₃)₂ C₃₀H₄₆N₆O₅S 603.34 603.2 8 H OC(O)NHCH₃ H CH₃ NC(O)CH₃ C₃₂H₄₆N₆O₆ 611.36 611.4 9 CH₃ OH H CH₃ NSO₂N(CH₃)₂ C₃₁H₄₅N₅O₄ 552.36 552.4 10 CH₃ OH H CH₃ NSO₂CH₃ R C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₅S 588.32 588.4 11 CH₃ OH H CH₃ NSO₂CH₃ C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₅S 588.32 588.4

TABLE XXII

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ R⁵ * Formula calcd found 1 H OH H CH₃ C₂₈H₄₀N₄O₅S 545.28 545.2 2 H OCH₃ H CH₃ C₂₉H₄₂N₄O₅S 559.30 559.2 3 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H CH₃ C₃₁H₄₅N₅O₆S 616.32 616.2 4 H OH H CH₂CH₂OH C₂₉H₄₂N₄O₆S 575.29 575.2 5 H OH H CH₃ R C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₅S 574.31 574.2 6 CH₃ OH H CH₃ C₂₉H₄₂N₄O₅S 559.30 559.2 7 F OH H CH₃ C₂₈H₃₉FN₄O₅S 563.27 563.2

TABLE XXIII

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ R⁵ V Formula calcd found 1 H OH H CH₃ C(O)CH₃ C₃₁H₄₅N₅O₄ 552.36 552.4 2 H OH H CH₃ C(O)OCH3 C₃₁H₄₅N₅O₅ 568.35 568.4 3 H OH H CH₃ SO₂CH₃ C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₅S 588.32 588.4 4 H OH H CH₃ C(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₂H₄₈N₆O₄ 581.38 581.4 5 H OH H CH₃ SO₂N(CH₃)₂ C₃₁H₄₈N₆O₅S 617.35 617.4

TABLE XXIV

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ R⁵ Formula calcd found 1 H OH H CH₃ C₂₉H₄₂N₄O₅S 559.30 559.2 2 CH₃ OH H CH₃ C₃₀H₄₄N₄O₅S 573.31 573.4 3 F OH H CH₃ C₂₉H₄₁FN₄O₅S 577.29 577.2

TABLE XXV

[M + Molecular [M + H]⁺ H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ X′ Formula calcd found 1 H OH NSO₂CH₃ C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₅S 574.31 574.7 2 H OH NC(O)CH₃ C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₄ 538.34 538.2 3 CH₃ OH NC(O)CH₃ C₃₁H₄₅N₅O₄ 552.36 552.4 4 CH₃ OH NSO₂CH₃ C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₅S 588.32 588.4 5 F OH NC(O)CH₃ C₃₀H₄₂FN₅O₄ 556.33 556.4 6 F OH NSO₂CH₃ C₂₉H₄₂FN₅O₅S 592.30 592.2

TABLE XXVI

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ R⁵ Z Formula calcd found 1 H OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₃NHSO₂—CH₃ C₂₈H₄₃N₅O₅S 562.31 562.3 2 H OH H CH₃ CH₂CH₂OH C₂₆H₃₈N₄O₄ 471.30 471.3 3 H OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂N(CH₃)₂ C₂₈H₄₃N₅O₃ 498.35 498.3 4 H OH H CH₃ CH₂C(O)N—(CH₃)₂ C₂₈H₄₁N₅O₄ 512.33 512.3 5 H OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂-2- C₃₁H₄₁N₅O₃ 532.33 532.3 pyridinyl 6 H OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂CN C₂₇H₃₇N₅O₃ 480.30 480.2 7 H OH H CH₃ CH₂C(O)NH₂ C₂₆H₃₇N₅O₄ 484.29 484.2 8 H OH H CH₂CH₂OH CH₂CH₂OH C₂₇H₄₀N₄O₅ 501.31 501.4 9 H OH H CH₂CH₂OCH₃ CH₂CH₂OCH₃ C₂₉H₄₄N₄O₅ 529.34 529.4 10 H OH H CH₂CH₃ CH₂-4-pyridinyl C₃₁H₄₁N₅O₃ 532.33 532.4 11 H OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂-3-indolyl C₃₄H₄₃N₅O₃ 570.35 570.4 12 H OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂SO₂CH₃ C₂₇H₄₀N₄O₅S 533.28 533.2 13 H OH H CH₃ CH₂CN C₂₇H₃₆N₄O₃ 465.29 465.2 14 H OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂OCH₃ C₂₇H₄₀N₄O₄ 485.31 485.2 15 H OH H CH₃ CH₂CN C₂₅H₃₃N₅O₃ 452.27 452.0 16 H OH H CH₂CN CH₂CN C₂₇H₃₄N₆O₃ 491.28 491.4 17 H OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂CN C₂₈H₃₉N₅O₃ 494.32 494.3 18 H OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂N(CH₃)—C(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₀H₄₆N₆O₄ 555.37 555.4 19 H OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂N(CH₃)—C(O)OCH₃ C₂₉H₄₁N₅O₅ 542.34 542.4 20 H OH H CH₂CH₂OH (CH₂)₂N(CH₃)—SO₂CH₃ C₂₉H₄₄N₅O₆S 592.32 592.4 21 H OH H CH₂CH₂OCH₃ (CH₂)₂N(CH₃)—SO₂CH₃ C₃₀H₄₇N₅O₆S 606.33 606.4 22 H OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂NHSO₂—CH₃ C₂₇H₄₁N₅O₅S 548.29 548.4 23 H OH H H (CH₂)₂NHSO₂—CH₃ C₂₆H₃₉N₅O₅S 534.28 534.2 24 H OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂N(CH₃)—SO₂CH₃ C₂₈H₄₃N₅O₅S 562.31 562.2 25 H OH H H (S)-CH₂-2- C₂₈H₄₀N₄O₄ 497.31 497.2 tetrahydrofuranyl 26 H OH H H (CH₂)₂OCH₃ C₂₆H₃₈N₄O₄ 471.30 471.2 27 H OH H H CH₂CF₃ C₂₅H₃₃F₃N₄O₃ 495.26 495.2 28 H OH H H (CH₂)₃-1- C₂₉H₄₀N₆O₃ 521.33 521.2 imidazolyl 29 H OH H H (CH₂)₂SCH₂CH₃ C₂₇H₄₀N₄O₃S 501.29 501.2 30 H OH H H CH₂CN C₂₆H₃₄N₄O₃ 451.27 451.2 31 H OH H H (CH₂)₂-3-indolyl C₃₃H₄₁N₅O₃ 556.33 556.2 32 H OH H H (CH₂)₂OCH₂CH₂OH C₂₇H₄₀N₄O₅ 501.31 501.2 33 H OH H H CH₂CH(OH)CH₂OH C₂₆H₃₈N₄O₅ 487.29 487.2 34 H OH H H (S)- C₂₇H₃₈N₄O₆ 515.29 515.2 CH[(CH₂)₂OH]—C(O)OH 35 H OH H H (S)- C₂₆H₃₆N₄O₆ 501.27 501.2 CH[CH₂OH]C(O)OH 36 H OH H H (CH₂)₃- C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₄ 538.34 538.2 pyrrolidin-1-yl- 2-one 37 H OH H H C(CH₃)(CH₂OH) C₂₇H₄₀N₄O₅ 501.31 501.2 (CH₂OH) 38 H OH H H (R)-CH₂-2- C₂₈H₄₀N₄O₄ 497.31 497.2 tetrahydrofuranyl 39 H OH H H (R)- C₂₇H₃₈N₄O₆ 515.29 515.2 CH[(CH₂)₂OH]—C(O)OH 40 H OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂N(CH₃)—SO₂N(CH₃)₂ C₂₉H₄₆N₆O₅S 591.34 591.2 41 H OH CH₃ CH₃ CH₂CH₂OCH₃ C₂₈H₄₂N₄O₄ 499.33 499.4 42 H OH CH₃ CH₃ (CH₂)₂NHSO₂—CH₃ C₂₈H₄₃N₅O₅S 562.31 562.2 43 H OCH₃ H CH₂CH₂OH (CH₂)₂N(CH₃)—SO₂CH₃ C₃₀H₄₇N₅O₆S 606.33 606.2 44 H OCH₃ H CH₃ CH₂C(O)N—(CH₃)₂ C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₄ 526.34 526.4 45 H OCH₃ H CH₂CH₂OCH₃ CH₂CH₂OCH₃ C₃₀H₄₆N₄O₅ 543.36 543.4 46 H (a) H CH₃ CH₂C(O)N—(CH₃)₂ C₃₁H₄₆N₆O₅ 583.36 583.4 47 H (a) H CH₂CH₂OCH₃ CH₂CH₂OCH₃ C₃₂H₄₉N₅O₆ 600.38 600.4 48 H (a) H CH₃ CH₂CH₂OH C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₅ 542.34 542.2 49 H (a) H CH₃ CH₂CH₂OCH₃ C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₅ 556.35 556.4 50 H OH H CH₂CH₂OH (CH₂)₂SO₂CH₃ C₂₈H₄₂N₄O₆S 563.29 563.2 51 H OH H CH₂CH₂OCH₃ (CH₂)₂SO₂CH₃ C₂₉H₄₄N₄O₆S 577.31 577.2 52 H (b) H CH₂CH₂OCH₃ (CH₂)₂SO₂CH₃ C₃₁H₄₇N₅O₇S 634.33 634.4 53 H (b) H CH₃ (CH₂)₂SO₂CH₃ C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₆S 590.30 590.2 54 H (S)-OH H CH₂CN CH₂CN C₃₁H₄₄N₆O₅ 581.35 581.2 55 H OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂-1,1-dioxo- C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₅S 574.31 574.3 isothiazolidin-2-yl 56 CH₃ OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂N(CH₃)C(O)OCH₃ C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₅ 556.35 556.4 57 CH₃ OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂NHSO₂CH₃ C₂₈H₄₃N₅O₅S 562.31 562.2 58 CH₃ OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂N(CH₃)—SO₂CH₃ C₂₉H₄₅N₅O₅S 576.32 576.4 59 CH₃ OH H CH₂CH₂OCH₃ (CH₂)₂N(CH₃)—SO₂CH₃ C₃₁H₄₉N₅O₆S 620.35 620.4 60 CH₃ OH H CH₂CH₂OH (CH₂)₂SO₂CH₃ C₂₉H₄₄N₄O₆S 577.31 577.2 61 CH₃ OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂-1,1-dioxo- C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₅S 588.32 588.4 isothiazolidin-2-yl 62 F OH H CH₃ CH₂C(O)N—(CH₃)₂ C₂₈H₄₀FN₅O₄ 530.32 530.2 63 F OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂NHSO₂—CH₃ C₂₇H₄₀FN₅O₅S 566.28 566.2 64 F OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂N(CH₃)—C(O)OCH₃ C₂₉H₄₅FN₅O₅ 560.33 560.2 65 F OH H CH₃ (CH₂)₂N(CH₃)—SO₂CH₃ C₂₈H₄₂FN₅O₅S 580.30 580.2 66 F OH H CH₂CH₂OCH₃ (CH₂)₂N(CH₃)—SO₂CH₃ C₃₀H₄₆FN₅O₆S 624.33 624.2 67 F OH H CH₂CH₂OH (CH₂)₂SO₂CH₃ C₂₈H₄₁FN₄O₆S 581.28 581.2 (a) OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ (b) OC(O)NHCH₃

TABLE XXVII

[M + Molecular [M + H]⁺ H]⁺ No. R¹ Z Formula calcd found 1 H (CH₂)₂CH₂OH C₂₇H₃₈N₄O₄ 483.30 483.2 2 H (CH₂)₂OCH₃ C₂₈H₄₀N₄O₄ 497.31 497.3 3 H (CH₂)₂-2-pyrrolyl C₃₁H₄₁N₅O₃ 532.33 532.3 4 H CH₂-3-pyridinyl C₃₁H₃₉N₅O₃ 530.32 530.3 5 H (CH₂)₂NHC(O)OCH₃ C₂₉H₄₁N₅O₅ 540.32 540.3 6 H (CH₂)₂OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₅ 554.34 554.3 7 H (CH₂)₂C(O)NHC₂H₅ C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₄ 538.34 538.3 8 H (CH₂)₃C(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₃₁H₄₅N₅O₄ 552.36 552.3 9 H (CH₂)₂NHSO₂CH₃ C₂₈H₄₁N₅O₅S 560.29 560.3 10 H (CH₂)₂N(CH₃)SO₂CH₃ C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₅S 574.31 574.3 11 H (CH₂)₃SO₂N(CH₃)₂ C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₅S 588.32 588.3 12 H CH₂CF₃ C₂₇H₃₅F₃N₄O₃ 521.28 521.2 13 H (CH₂)₂C(O)NH₂ C₂₈H₃₉N₅O₄ 510.31 510.2 14 H CH₂CN C₂₇H₃₅N₅O₃ 478.28 478.2 15 H CH₂C(O)NH₂ C₂₇H₃₇N₅O₄ 496.29 496.2 16 H CH₂C(O)N(CH₃)₂ C₂₉H₄₁N₅O₄ 524.33 524.2

TABLE XXVIII

Molecular [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ No. R¹ R³ R⁴ W Formula calcd found 1 H OH H 2-CH₂NHSO₂CH₃ C₂₉H₄₃N₅O₆S 590.30 590.2 2 H OH H 3-CH₂N(CH₃)SO₂CH₃ C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₆S 604.32 604.2 3 H OH CH₃ 2-CH₂NHSO₂CH₃ C₃₀H₄₅N₅O₆S 604.32 604.2 4 H OH H 3-CH₂OH C₂₈H₄₀N₄O₅ 513.31 513.2 5 H OCH₃ H 3-CH₂OH C₂₉H₄₂N₄O₅ 527.33 527.2 6 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H 3-CH₂N(CH₃)SO₂CH₃ C₃₃H₅₀N₆O₇S 675.36 675.4 7 H OC(O)N(CH₃)₂ H 3-CH₂OH C₃₁H₄₅N₅O₆ 584.35 584.2

Example 16 Radioligand Binding Assay on 5-HT_(4(c)) Human Receptors a. Membrane Preparation 5-HT_(4(c))

HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney) cells stably-transfected with human 5-HT_(4(c)) receptor cDNA (Bmax=˜6.0 pmol/mg protein, as determined using [³H]-GR113808 membrane radioligand binding assay) were grown in T-225 flasks in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM) containing 4,500 mg/L D-glucose and pyridoxine hydrochloride (GIBCO-Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad Calif.: Cat #11965) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (GIBCO-Invitrogen Corp.: Cat #10437), 2 mM L-glutamine and (100 units) penicillin-(100 μg) streptomycin/ml (GIBCO-Invitrogen Corp.: Cat #15140) in a 5% CO₂, humidified incubator at 37° C. Cells were grown under continuous selection pressure by the addition of 800 μg/mL geneticin (GIBCO-Invitrogen Corp.: Cat #10131) to the medium.

Cells were grown to roughly 60-80% confluency (<35 subculture passages). At 20-22 hours prior to harvesting, cells were washed twice and fed with serum-free DMEM. All steps of the membrane preparation were performed on ice. The cell monolayer was lifted by gentle mechanical agitation and trituration with a 25 mL pipette. Cells were collected by centrifugation at 1000 rpm (5 min).

For the membrane preparation, cell pellets were resuspended in ice-cold 50 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulphonic acid (HEPES), pH 7.4 (membrane preparation buffer) (40 mL/total cell yield from 30-40 T225 flasks) and homogenized using a polytron disrupter (setting 19, 2×10 s) on ice. The resultant homogenates were centrifuged at 1200 g for 5 min at 4° C. The pellet was discarded and the supernatant centrifuged at 40,000 g (20 min). The pellet was washed once by resuspension with membrane preparation buffer and centrifugation at 40,000 g (20 min). The final pellet was resuspended in 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4 (assay buffer) (equivalent 1 T225 flask/1 mL). Protein concentration of the membrane suspension was determined by the method of Bradford (Bradford, 1976). Membranes were stored frozen in aliquots at −80° C.

b. Radioligand Binding Assays

Radioligand binding assays were performed in 1.1 mL 96-deep well polypropylene assay plates (Axygen) in a total assay volume of 400 μL containing 2 μg membrane protein in 50 mM HEPES pH 7.4, containing 0.025% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Saturation binding studies for determination of K_(d) values of the radioligand were performed using [³H]-GR113808 (Amersham Inc., Bucks, UK: Cat #TRK944; specific activity ˜82 Ci/mmol) at 8-12 different concentrations ranging from 0.001 nM-5.0 nM. Displacement assays for determination of pK_(i) values of compounds were performed with [³H]-GR113808 at 0.15 nM and eleven different concentrations of compound ranging from 10 pM-100 μM.

Test compounds were received as 10 mM stock solutions in DMSO and diluted to 400 μM into 50 mM HEPES pH 7.4 at 25° C., containing 0.1% BSA, and serial dilutions (1:5) then made in the same buffer. Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of 1 μM unlabeled GR113808. Assays were incubated for 60 min at room temperature, and then the binding reactions were terminated by rapid filtration over 96-well GF/B glass fiber filter plates (Packard BioScience Co., Meriden, Conn.) presoaked in 0.3% polyethyleneimine. Filter plates were washed three times with filtration buffer (ice-cold 50 mM HEPES, pH7.4) to remove unbound radioactivity. Plates were dried, 35 μL Microscint-20 liquid scintillation fluid (Packard BioScience Co., Meriden, Conn.) was added to each well and plates were counted in a Packard Topcount liquid scintillation counter (Packard BioScience Co., Meriden, Conn.).

Binding data were analyzed by nonlinear regression analysis with the GraphPad Prism Software package (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) using the 3-parameter model for one-site competition. The BOTTOM (curve minimum) was fixed to the value for nonspecific binding, as determined in the presence of 1 μM GR113808. K_(i) values for test compounds were calculated, in Prism, from the best-fit IC₅₀ values, and the K_(d) value of the radioligand, using the Cheng-Prusoff equation (Cheng and Prusoff, Biochemical Pharmacology, 1973, 22, 3099-108): K_(i)=IC₅₀/(1+[L]/K_(d)) where [L]=concentration [³H]-GR113808. Results are expressed as the negative decadic logarithm of the K_(i) values, pK_(i).

Test compounds having a higher pK_(i) value in this assay have a higher binding affinity for the 5-HT₄ receptor. The compounds of the invention which were tested in this assay had a pK_(i) value ranging from about 6 to about 9.

Example 17 Radioligand Binding Assay on 5-HT_(3A) Human Receptors Determination of Receptor Subtype Selectivity a. Membrane Preparation 5-HT_(3A)

HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney) cells stably-transfected with human 5-HT_(3A) receptor cDNA were obtained from Dr. Michael Bruess (University of Bonn, GDR) (Bmax=˜9.0 pmol/mg protein, as determined using [³H]-GR65630 membrane radioligand binding assay). Cells were grown in T-225 flasks or cell factories in 50% Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM) (GIBCO-Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.: Cat #11965) and 50% Ham's F12 (GIBCO-Invitrogen Corp.: Cat #11765) supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Hyclone, Logan, Utah: Cat #SH30070.03) and (50 units) penicillin-(50 μg) streptomycin/ml (GIBCO-Invitrogen Corp.: Cat #15140) in a 5% CO₂, humidified incubator at 37° C.

Cells were grown to roughly 70-80% confluency (<35 subculture passages). All steps of the membrane preparation were performed on ice. To harvest the cells, the media was aspirated and cells were rinsed with Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺-free Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (dPBS). The cell monolayer was lifted by gentle mechanical agitation. Cells were collected by centrifugation at 1000 rpm (5 min). Subsequent steps of the membrane preparation followed the protocol described above for the membranes expressing 5-HT_(4(c)) receptors.

b. Radioligand Binding Assays

Radioligand binding assays were performed in 96-well polypropylene assay plates in a total assay volume of 200 μL containing 1.5-2 μg membrane protein in 50 mM HEPES pH 7.4, containing 0.025% BSA assay buffer. Saturation binding studies for determination of K_(d) values of the radioligand were performed using [³H]-GR65630 (PerkinElmer Life Sciences Inc., Boston, Mass.: Cat #NET1011, specific activity ˜85 Ci/mmol) at twelve different concentrations ranging from 0.005 nM to 20 nM. Displacement assays for determination of pK_(i) values of compounds were performed with [³H]-GR65630 at 0.50 μM and eleven different concentrations of compound ranging from 10 μM to 100 μM. Compounds were received as 10 mM stock solutions in DMSO (see section 3.1), diluted to 400 μM into 50 mM HEPES pH 7.4 at 25° C., containing 0.1% BSA, and serial (1:5) dilutions then made in the same buffer. Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of 10 μM unlabeled MDL72222. Assays were incubated for 60 min at room temperature, then the binding reactions were terminated by rapid filtration over 96-well GF/B glass fiber filter plates (Packard BioScience Co., Meriden, Conn.) presoaked in 0.3% polyethyleneimine. Filter plates were washed three times with filtration buffer (ice-cold 50 mM HEPES, pH7.4) to remove unbound radioactivity. Plates were dried, 35 μL Microscint-20 liquid scintillation fluid (Packard BioScience Co., Meriden, Conn.) was added to each well and plates were counted in a Packard Topcount liquid scintillation counter (Packard BioScience Co., Meriden, Conn.).

Binding data were analyzed using the non-linear regression procedure described above to determine K_(i) values. The BOTTOM (curve minimum) was fixed to the value for nonspecific binding, as determined in the presence of 10 μM MDL72222. The quantity [L] in the Cheng-Prusoff equation was defined as the concentration [³H]-GR65630.

Selectivity for the 5-HT₄ receptor subtype with respect to the 5-HT₃ receptor subtype was calculated as the ratio K_(i)(5-HT_(3A))/K_(i)(5-HT_(4(c))). The compounds of the invention which were tested in this assay had a 5-HT₄/5-HT₃ receptor subtype selectivity ranging from about 10 to about 8000.

Example 18 Whole-Cell cAMP Accumulation Flashplate Assay with HEK-293 Cells Expressing Human 5-HT_(4(c)) Receptors

In this assay, the functional potency of a test compound was determined by measuring the amount of cyclic AMP produced when HEK-293 cells expressing 5-HT₄ receptors were contacted with different concentrations of test compound.

a. Cell Culture

HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney) cells stably-transfected with cloned human 5-HT_(4(c)) receptor cDNA were prepared expressing the receptor at two different densities: (1) at a density of about 0.5-0.6 pmol/mg protein, as determined using a [³H]-GR113808 membrane radioligand binding assay, and (2) at a density of about 6.0 μmol/mg protein. The cells were grown in T-225 flasks in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM) containing 4,500 mg/L D-glucose (GIBCO-Invitrogen Corp.: Cat #11965) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (GIBCO-Invitrogen Corp.: Cat #10437) and (100 units) penicillin-(100 μg) streptomycin/ml (GIBCO-Invitrogen Corp.: Cat #15140) in a 5% CO₂, humidified incubator at 37° C. Cells were grown under continuous selection pressure by the addition of geneticin (800 μg/mL: GIBCO-Invitrogen Corp.: Cat #10131) to the medium.

b. Cell Preparation

Cells were grown to roughly 60-80% confluency. Twenty to twenty-two hours prior to assay, cells were washed twice, and fed, with serum-free DMEM containing 4,500 mg/L D-glucose (GIBCO-Invitrogen Corp.: Cat #11965). To harvest the cells, the media was aspirated and 10 mL Versene (GIBCO-Invitrogen Corp.: Cat #15040) was added to each T-225 flask. Cells were incubated for 5 min at RT and then dislodged from the flask by mechanical agitation. The cell suspension was transferred to a centrifuge tube containing an equal volume of pre-warmed (37° C.) dPBS and centrifuged for 5 min at 1000 rpm. The supernatant was discarded and the pellet was re-suspended in pre-warmed (37° C.) stimulation buffer (10 mL equivalent per 2-3 T-225 flasks). This time was noted and marked as time zero. The cells were counted with a Coulter counter (count above 8 μm, flask yield was 1-2×10⁷ cells/flask). Cells were resuspended at a concentration of 5×10⁵ cells/ml in pre-warmed (37° C.) stimulation buffer (as provided in the flashplate kit) and preincubated at 37° C. for 10 min.

cAMP assays were performed in a radioimmunoassay format using the Flashplate Adenylyl Cyclase Activation Assay System with ¹²⁵I-cAMP (SMP004B, PerkinElmer Life Sciences Inc., Boston, Mass.), according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Cells were grown and prepared as described above. Final cell concentrations in the assay were 25×10³ cells/well and the final assay volume was 100 μL. Test compounds were received as 10 mM stock solutions in DMSO, diluted to 400 μM into 50 mM HEPES pH 7.4 at 25° C., containing 0.1% BSA, and serial (1:5) dilutions then made in the same buffer. Cyclic AMP accumulation assays were performed with 11 different concentrations of compound ranging from 10 pM to 100 μM (final assay concentrations). A 5-HT concentration-response curve (10 μM to 100 μM) was included on every plate. The cells were incubated, with shaking, at 37° C. for 15 min and the reaction terminated by addition of 100 μl of ice-cold detection buffer (as provided in the flashplate kit) to each well. The plates were sealed and incubated at 4° C. overnight. Bound radioactivity was quantified by scintillation proximity spectroscopy using the Topcount (Packard BioScience Co., Meriden, Conn.).

The amount of cAMP produced per mL of reaction was extrapolated from the cAMP standard curve, according to the instructions provided in the manufacturer's user manual. Data were analyzed by nonlinear regression analysis with the GraphPad Prism Software package using the 3-parameter sigmoidal dose-response model (slope constrained to unity). Potency data are reported as pEC₅₀ values, the negative decadic logarithm of the EC₅₀ value, where EC₅₀ is the effective concentration for a 50% maximal response.

Test compounds exhibiting a higher pEC₅₀ value in this assay have a higher potency for agonizing the 5-HT₄ receptor. The compounds of the invention which were tested in this assay, for example, in the cell line (1) having a density of about 0.5-0.6 μmol/mg protein, had a pEC₅₀ value ranging from about 6 to about 9.

Example 19 In Vitro Voltage Clamp Assay of Inhibition of Potassium Ion Current in Whole Cells Expressing the hERG Cardiac Potassium Channel

CHO-K1 cells stably transfected with hERG cDNA were obtained from Gail Robertson at the University of Wisconsin. Cells were held in cryogenic storage until needed. Cells were expanded and passaged in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium/F12 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 200 μg/mL geneticin. Cells were seeded onto poly-D-lysine (100 μg/mL) coated glass coverslips, in 35 mm² dishes (containing 2 mL medium) at a density that enabled isolated cells to be selected for whole cell voltage-clamp studies. The dishes were maintained in a humidified, 5% CO₂ environment at 37° C.

Extracellular solution was prepared at least every 7 days and stored at 4° C. when not in use. The extracellular solution contained (mM): NaCl (137), KCl (4), CaCl₂ (1.8), MgCl₂ (1), Glucose (10), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulphonic acid (HEPES) (10), pH 7.4 with NaOH. The extracellular solution, in the absence or presence of test compound, was contained in reservoirs, from which it flowed into the recording chamber at approximately 0.5 mL/min. The intracellular solution was prepared, aliquoted and stored at −20° C. until the day of use. The intracellular solution contained (mM): KCl (130), MgCl₂ (1), ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N′,N′-tetra acetic acid salt (EGTA) (5), MgATP (5), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulphonic acid (HEPES) (10), pH 7.2 with KOH. All experiments were performed at room temperature (20-22° C.).

The coverslips on which the cells were seeded were transferred to a recording chamber and perfused continuously. Gigaohm seals were formed between the cell and the patch electrode. Once a stable patch was achieved, recording commenced in the voltage clamp mode, with the initial holding potential at −80 mV. After a stable whole-cell current was achieved, the cells were exposed to test compound. The standard voltage protocol was: step from the holding potential of −80 mV to +20 mV for 4.8 sec, repolarize to −50 mV for 5 sec and then return to the original holding potential (−80 mV). This voltage protocol was run once every 15 sec (0.067 Hz). Peak current amplitudes during the repolarization phase were determined using pClamp software. Test compounds at a concentration of 3 μM were perfused over the cells for 5 minutes, followed by a 5-minute washout period in the absence of compound. Finally a positive control (cisapride, 20 nM) was added to the perfusate to test the function of the cell. The step from −80 mV to +20 mV activates the hERG channel, resulting in an outward current. The step back to −50 mV results in an outward tail current, as the channel recovers from inactivation and deactivates.

Peak current amplitudes during the repolarization phase were determined using pCLAMP software. The control and test article data were exported to Origin® (OriginLab Corp., Northampton Mass.) where the individual current amplitudes were normalized to the initial current amplitude in the absence of compound. The normalized current means and standard errors for each condition were calculated and plotted versus the time course of the experiment.

Comparisons were made between the observed K⁺ current inhibitions after the five-minute exposure to either the test article or vehicle control (usually 0.3% DMSO). Statistical comparisons between experimental groups were performed using a two-population, independent t-test (Microcal Origin v. 6.0). Differences were considered significant at p<0.05.

The smaller the percentage inhibition of the potassium ion current in this assay, the smaller the potential for test compounds to change the pattern of cardiac repolarization when used as therapeutic agents. For example, the compounds of Examples 1-14, which were tested in this assay at a concentration of 3 μM, exhibited an inhibition of the potassium ion current of less than about 25%, typically, less than about 15%.

Example 20 Pharmacokinetic Study in the Rat

Aqueous solution formulations of test compounds were prepared in 0.1% lactic acid at a pH of between about 5 and about 6. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (CD strain, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) were dosed with test compounds via intravenous administration (IV) at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg or by oral gavage (PO) at a dose of 5 mg/kg. The dosing volume was 1 mL/kg for IV and 2 mg/kg for PO administration. Serial blood samples were collected from animals pre-dose, and at 2 (IV only), 5, 15, and 30 min, and at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours post-dose. Concentrations of test compounds in blood plasma were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS) (MDS SCIEX, API 4000, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) with a lower limit of quantitation of 1 ng/mL.

Standard pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed by non-compartmental analysis (Model 201 for IV and Model 200 for PO) using WinNonlin (Version 4.0.1, Pharsight, Mountain View, Calif.). The maximum in the curve of test compound concentration in blood plasma vs. time is denoted C_(max). The area under the concentration vs. time curve from the time of dosing to the last measurable concentration (AUC(0−t)) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule. Oral bioavailability (F(%)), i.e. the dose-normalized ratio of AUC(0−t) for PO administration to AUC(0−t) for IV administration, was calculated as:

F(%)=AUC _(PO) /AUC _(IV)×Dose_(IV)/Dose_(PO)×100%

Test compounds which exhibit larger values of the parameters C_(max), AUC(0−t), and F(%) in this assay are expected to have greater bioavailability when administered orally. For example, the compounds of Examples 1-14 were tested in this assay and had C_(max) values typically ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.4 μg/mL and AUC(0−t) values typically ranging from about 0.15 to about 0.9 μg·hr/mL.

While the present invention has been described with reference to the specific embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation, material, composition of matter, process, process step or steps, to the objective, spirit and scope of the present invention. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the claims appended hereto. Additionally, all publications, patents, and patent documents cited hereinabove are incorporated by reference herein in full, as though individually incorporated by reference. 

1-21. (canceled)
 22. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier and a compound of formula (I):

wherein: R¹ is hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, or C₁₋₄alkoxy; R² is C₃₋₄alkyl or C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; R³ is hydroxy, C₁₋₃alkoxy, hydroxy-substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, or —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); R⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl; X is selected from —N(R⁸)C(O)R⁹, —N(R⁸)S(O)₂R¹⁰, —S(R¹¹)O₂, —N(R⁸)C(O)OR¹², —N(R⁸)C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —N(R⁸)SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴, —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹², —OR¹⁵, and cyano; R⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₃alkoxy, or cyano; R⁶ and R⁷ are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, and C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy or C₁₋₃alkoxy; R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl; or R⁵ and R⁸, R⁵ and R⁶, or R⁶ and R⁸ taken together form C₂₋₅alkylenyl, wherein C₂₋₅alkylenyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, halo, hydroxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl, or C₁₋₃alkoxy; or R³ and R⁵ taken together form —OCH₂CH₂—; or R⁵ and R⁶ taken together form —(CH₂)_(q)-Q-(CH₂)_(q), wherein Q is oxygen or sulfur and q is independently 0, 1, or 2; R⁹ is hydrogen, furanyl, or C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy or with from 1 to 3 halo; R¹⁰ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with —SO₂R^(c), C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or with from 1 to 3 halo; or R⁸ and R¹⁰ taken together form C₃alkylenyl; R¹¹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, or —NR^(b)R^(c); or R⁵ and R¹¹ or R⁶ and R¹¹ taken together form C₂₋₅alkylenyl; R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are independently hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl; R¹⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy; R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are independently hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl; and n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; provided that when n is 1, X forms a carbon-carbon bond with the carbon atom bearing the substituents R⁶ and R⁷; or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.
 23. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 22 wherein: R⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₃alkoxy, or cyano; R⁶ and R⁷ are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, and C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy or C₁₋₃alkoxy; R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl; R¹⁰ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with —SO₂R^(c), C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or with from 1 to 3 halo; R¹¹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, or —NR^(b)R^(c); and R¹⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy.
 24. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 22 wherein R² is C₃₋₄alkyl.
 25. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 24 wherein n is 2 or
 3. 26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 22 wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (II):

wherein: R¹ is hydrogen, halo, or C₁₋₃alkyl; R² is C₃₋₄alkyl; R³ is hydroxy, C₁₋₃alkoxy, hydroxy-substituted C₁₋₂alkyl, or —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); R⁵ is hydrogen, C₁₋₃alkyl, or C₁₋₃alkyl substituted at the terminal position with hydroxy or cyano; R⁶ is hydrogen; X is selected from —N(R⁸)C(O)R⁹; —N(R⁸)S(O)₂R¹⁰, —S(R¹¹)O₂, —N(R⁸)C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —OR¹⁵, and cyano; R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl; R⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl; R¹⁰ is hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl, wherein C₁₋₃alkyl is optionally substituted with —SO₂R^(c) wherein R^(c) is C₁₋₃alkyl; R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl; or R⁵ and R⁸, R⁵ and R⁶, or R⁵ and R¹¹ taken together form C₂alkylenyl; or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.
 27. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26 wherein: R¹ is hydrogen; R² is C₃₋₄alkyl; R³ is hydroxy, methoxy, hydroxymethyl, —OC(O)N(H)CH₃, or —OC(O)N(CH₃)₂; R⁶ is hydrogen; X is selected from —N(R⁸)C(O)R⁹; —N(R⁸)S(O)₂R¹⁰, —S(R¹¹)O₂, and —N(R⁸)C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; R⁵ and R⁸ taken together form C₂alkylenyl; R⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl; R¹⁰ is hydrogen, C₁₋₃alkyl, or methanesulfonylmethyl; R⁵ and R¹¹ taken together form C₂alkylenyl; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are independently hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl.
 28. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 22 wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (III):


29. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 22 wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (IV):


30. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 22 wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (V):


31. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 22 wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound selected from: 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[2-hydroxy-3-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide; 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid ((1S,3R,5R)-8-{2-hydroxy-3-[4-(propane-2-sulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl}-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl)-amide; 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[3-(1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-thiomorpholin-4-yl)-2-hydroxypropyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide; 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[(S)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide; 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[(R)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide; 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[3-(4-methanesulfonylmethanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methoxypropyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]-oct-3-yl}amide; 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[3-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methoxypropyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide; 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[3-(1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-thiomorpholin-4-yl)-2-methoxypropyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}amide; methylcarbamic acid 2-{(1S,3R,5R)-3-[(1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)amino]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl}-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)ethyl ester; methylcarbamic acid 1-(4-dimethylcarbamoylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-2-{(1S,3R,5R)-3-[(1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)amino]-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl}ethyl ester; methylcarbamic acid 1-[3-(acetylmethylamino)pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl]-2-{(1S,3R,5R)-3-[(1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)amino]-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl}ethyl ester; methylcarbamic acid 1-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-2-{(1S,3R,5R)-3-[(1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)amino]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl}-ethyl ester; methylcarbamic acid (R)-2-{(1S,3R,5R)-3-[(1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinoline-3-carbonyl)amino]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl}-1-(4-methanesulfonyl-piperazin-1-ylmethyl)ethyl ester; and 1-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R,5R)-8-[3-hydroxy-2-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl}-amide; and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof.
 32. A method of treating a mammal having a disease or medical condition mediated by treatment with a 5-HT₄ receptor agonist, wherein the disease or medical condition is chronic constipation, constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, gastroparesis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or drug-induced delayed transit, the method comprising administering to the mammal, the pharmaceutical composition of claim
 22. 33. The method of claim 32 wherein the disease or medical condition is chronic constipation or constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.
 34. The method of claim 32 wherein the disease or medical condition is functional dyspepsia, gastroparesis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or drug-induced delayed transit.
 35. A method of treating a mammal having a disease or medical condition mediated by treatment with a 5-HT₄ receptor agonist, wherein the disease or medical condition is chronic constipation, constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, gastroparesis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or drug-induced delayed transit, the method comprising administering to the mammal, the pharmaceutical composition of claim
 26. 36. The method of claim 35 wherein the disease or medical condition is chronic constipation or constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.
 37. The method of claim 35 wherein the disease or medical condition is functional dyspepsia, gastroparesis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or drug-induced delayed transit. 